Dr. Gallo And The Band Played On Essay - 2087 Words

And the Band Played On surprised me with its intricate character development. I found myself becoming attached to characters and heartbroken as I found they had contracted the HIV virus and made me root for research to find a vaccine or cure. Out of the characters presented in the film, I decided to focus on two main ones: Dr. Robert Gallo and Dr. Don Francis. These two characters stood out because they were so contrasting to one another. I also felt myself becoming angry at these characters and some of the decisions they decided to make. In summation, I will analyze these characters and determine which actions I believe were right and which were wrong in helping advance the research of AIDS in relation to the movie And the Band Played On. Even though the character Robert Gallo appears later in the film, he plays a significant and frustrating role in ‘And the Band Played On’. Dr. Gallo is a well-known scientist who had at the time won many awards for succeeding in the medical field, so many in fact that it seemed as though he started to become a fame-hungry doctor. Instead of doing what was best for humans the only reason he took on researching HIV in the first place was because he was after the Nobel, and he never portrayed that he cared that there were people dying from this horrible disease. They may never have been able to stop the disease in its tracks, but they may have been able to raise awareness faster if it had not have been for Dr. Gallo’s self-centered ways andShow MoreRelatedAnd The Band Played On1723 Words   |  7 Pages And The Band Played On By Randy Shilts And the band played on is a true story published in 1987 that illustrates the AIDS epidemic. The AIDS outbreak started in this book around the 1970’s and is still around in today’s society. Randy Shilts wrote this book in order to show the many errors that occurred and killed while trying to find what this virus was and how it was spread. Many people during this time were affected by this virus especially in New York and San-Francisco, which is where mostRead MoreFilm Critique Paper: and the Band Played on1627 Words   |  7 PagesFilm Critique Paper And the Band Played On The movie is about the first couple years of AIDS, mostly in the United States. It tells the political as well as the scientific struggle that occurred with the discovery of AIDS. The main character Dr. Don Francis heads the research of AIDS with little money and little help. This was because AIDS was considered the â€Å"gay man’s disease† and there was more emphasis on who discovered the disease than actually helping those who had it. Basically, theRead MoreThe Band Played On Film Directed By Roger Spottiswoode848 Words   |  4 Pages And the Band Played On [1] is a 1993 Drama-Television film directed by Roger Spottiswoode about the early research of the AIDS epidemic in the 1980 s. The film portrays how powerful a society s view has on a group when homosexuals suffer prejudice by society and view them as the cause of a new disease. The film greatly focuses on Dr. Don Francis, who previously contained the Ebola fever to prevent it from continuously spreadin g, as he joins the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) to investigateRead More The Importance of Roger Spottiswoode’s Screen Adaptation of And The Band Played On4180 Words   |  17 PagesThe Importance of Roger Spottiswoode’s Screen Adaptation of And The Band Played On [1] Hollywood is no longer just a name, it is a business, a living entity holding America’s people in its grasp, and it is not about to let them go. Gradually taking on more responsibility and trying to build up its reputation over the years, Hollywood has progressively assumed the position of history-teller for the American public. This role, whether or not an appropriate one for an industry such as HollywoodRead MoreApplying Scientific Standards For Aids1433 Words   |  6 PagesThe HIV virus was an example of a rapidly spread virus that quickly made its way across the world, including North America, South America, Europe, Africa, and Australia (http://www.avert.org/professionals/history-hiv-aids/overview). In And the Band Played On, the doctors of The Center for Disease Control do their best to follow scientific standards while trying to deal with the disease, even with the politics of Reagan breathing down their neck. The issues they encounter are like the ideas propos edRead MoreThe, And The Band Played On983 Words   |  4 PagesThe movie, And the Band Played On, illustrates the beginning of the AIDS virus and how it unexpectedly spread across the world. It used the Ebola disease to indicate that there will be another severe disease surfacing. The world was not prepared to handle such a transmissible disease. Doctors globally presumed that the first cases of the HIV virus to be just a deformity of a specific disease. Their negligence of this issue was the beginning of the spread of this AIDS. Throughout the movie, it showsRead MoreThe Movie And The Band Played On955 Words   |  4 Pages AIDS brought on many ethical implications. As research was conducted AIDS became well known. The movie And the Band Played On tells the story of the discovery of HIV and AIDS and the political issues that went along in the scientific community. During the movie it showed how each patient with AIDS were treated like they were not part of the human race. The CD C tried their best to gather enough money for their research. Back then people were uneducated on what exactly the nation was up against.Read MoreThe Band Played On By Randy Shilts1777 Words   |  8 PagesThe film And the band played on is a screen adaption of the book and the band played on by Randy Shilts done by Roger Spottiswoode. This screen adaption is a story of epidemic that had medical researchers scrabbling to understand the horrifying and mysterious new disease of AIDS that sored across the United States of America. This story takes place during the initial 5 years of the breakout from 1980 to 1985. 1. What are the major theme(s) of the film? Hint use the concepts presented in class toRead MoreBureaucracy Has Been Twisted Over The United States Governance876 Words   |  4 Pages Like many words in the English language, bureaucracy has been twisted over the years to mean something different; much like how awful went from meaning â€Å"full of awe† to â€Å"very bad or unpleasant†. In And the Band Played On, we see organizational practices that obstruct progress referred to as â€Å"bureaucratic†, when the official definition refers to a system of governance where state officials make important decisions instead of representatives. A complete switch in how we see our administrationRead MoreFilm And The Band Played On By Director Roger Spottiswoode2238 Words   |  9 Pageshealth: biological, psychological, and sociological factors. These three factors had determined the spread of the disease in the late twentieth century, and they still affect the global distribution of AIDS today. In the documentary-film And the Band Played On (1993), director Roger Spottiswoode effectively showcased all three factors. The film is a chronological sto ry of the AIDS epidemic from the 1980s. The story of the epidemic garners attention when gay men in both the west and east coast of the

Essay on Prejudice and Pride in Pride and Prejudice

Prejudice and Pride in Pride and Prejudice In any literary work the title and introduction make at least some allusion to the important events of the novel. With Pride and Prejudice, Austen takes this convention to the extreme, designing all of the first and some of the second half of the novel after the title and the first sentence. The concepts of pride, prejudice, and universally acknowledged truth (51), as well as the interpretation of those concepts, are the central focus of the novel. They dictate the actions of almost all the major characters (not just Darcy and Elizabeth), and foreshadow all of the major events in the novel, especially in the first few chapters, involving the first ball at Netherfield. While Darcy†¦show more content†¦Proud summarizes the general demeanor of Lady Catherine de Bourgh herself, as she looks upon the world down the length of her nose. Some time we shall be happy to hear [Elizabeth play], she informs Mr. Collins and Darcy. Then she adds, Our instrument is a capable one, probably s uperior to [Elizabeths] (199). Pride assures Elizabeth that her first impressions of Darcy are indisputable. Thus, while only Darcy seems to act as the embodiment of pride, the other characters are not immune to it. Just as the characters unknowingly follow Darcys example of pride, they commit Elizabeths crucial mistake, prejudging people (especially Darcy) according to horribly inadequate experience. Elizabeths positive judgement of Wickham and negative one of Darcy prevent her from seeing Wickhams devious and whimsical nature and Darcys honest efforts to improve despite the apparent lack of incentive. Like Elizabeth, the rest of the Bennets, and indeed the rest of those living in the vicinity of Meryton, believe Darcy to be a wholly disagreeable man. (In fact, he began as such, but even when he began to change, everyone refused to realize it, and maintained their dislike of him because of their previous judgements.) Mrs. Bennet is prejudiced against all other mothers with young daughters, believing them to be just as ambitious and scheming as she herself is. When told that Mrs. Long promised to introduce the Bennet sisters to Bingley, Mrs. Bennet hissesShow MoreRelated Pride and Prejudice Essa y: The Faults of Pride and Prejudice1751 Words   |  8 PagesThe Faults of Pride and Prejudice      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   If we investigate the themes, characters and setting of Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice in an effort to find faults of logic, we must first recognize that the entire work is a fault of logic because Austens world is a microcosm of one level of society, a level wherein everything and everyone turns out kindly, whether they be heroes or villains, rich or poor, or proud or prejudice.   This is because unlike conventional romantic novels, like WutheringRead More Pride and Prejudice Essay3860 Words   |  16 PagesPride and Prejudice The novel Pride and Prejudice written by Jane Austen was originally to be called First Impressions. Hence the ultimate aim of this essay is to identify how successful this novel is in giving ‘First Impressions’ of the characters. The focus of this essay is on the opening chapters of the novel as this is where we are first introduced to the characters. ‘It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wifeRead MorePride And Prejudice Essay1808 Words   |  8 PagesResearch Essay Introduction Pride refers to a deep and consistent feeling of satisfaction of one’s possession, class and achievements. Pride as a theme has been developed in the novel pride and prejudice by Jane Austen. Characters can claim better treatment and status in the society and also relationships based on their family possessions as well as exploits. Mr. Bennett daughters are also proud because they are beautiful which gives them the audacity to boast to men who want their hand in marriageRead MorePride And Prejudice Essay1680 Words   |  7 PagesAusten’s bildungsroman novel Pride and Prejudice (1819), set in Regency England, and Fay Weldon’s epistolary novel Letters to Alice on First Reading Jane Austen (1984) placed in Postmodern England. Both texts emphasise the importance of compatibility in relationships and women’s identity in a patriarchal society. Weldon’s discussion of Austen’s context allows a deeper understanding of relationships and identity with in different eras to emerge. This comparative essay will focus on the way each authorRead More Pride And Prejudice Essay1066 Words   |  5 Pages Pride and Prejudice: Marriage Essay written by Maria Engstrom Introduction For this essay, I chose to read the perhaps most famous book by the English author Jane Austen. During the reading I was thinking about which theme I should choose to write about and analyze, and eventually I felt that marriage was the central keyword in the book. I will concentrate on the situation of the daughters in the family, since these are the best described in the novel. My dealing with different ideals and problemsRead MorePride And Prejudice Essay1724 Words   |  7 Pages In Pride and prejudice I have came to the conclusion that there are many characters and all play a very good role. Here is a brief down low on what Ive collected. First starting with The Bennet’s consisting of Mr and Mrs Bennet and their five daughters Jane, Elizabeth, Mary, Kitty and Lydia. Mr. And Mrs. Bennett, This husband and wife duo are a humorous couple due to Mrs Bennet’s simplicity coupled by Mr Bennet’s dry humor and wit. Mrs Bennet is a simply easy woman who dedicates her attentionRead MoreEssay on Pride and Prejudice1080 Words   |  5 PagesRough Draft 4. Compare and Contrast Elizabeth, Jane, and Lydia. Which one do you think will have the happiest marriage? Why? The concept of love is developed and endured throughout an healthy relationship in Jane Austen’s novel, Pride and Prejudice. She successfully incorporates different examples of marriage in nineteenth century and distinguishes the perfect marriage from the hopeless marriage. The definition of authentic love is caring for someone unconditionally. It means putting someoneRead MorePride and Prejudice - Analytical Essay1023 Words   |  5 PagesAnalytical Essay: Pride Prejudice The progress between Elizabeth’s and Darcy’s relationship, in Jane Austen’s novel Pride and Prejudice (1813) illustrates and explores several the key themes in the novel. Their relationship highlights class expectations, pride and prejudice, and marriage, and how they play a major role in determining the course of their association. These are outlined through their first prejudiced dislike of each other when they first meet, the stronger feelings for ElizabethRead MorePride And Prejudice Essay1715 Words   |  7 Pagesnovel ‘Pride and Prejudice’ addresses many themes and motifs, but one of the more prevalent is pride itself, which Austen expertly weaved throughout, showing the effects it has on both the perpetrator’s lives and the lives of those around them. This theme of pride relates to the time period the novel was written in, which was the Regency era, where the class system was deemed of significant importance and particular traits of th e gentry were considered necessary, including an extent of pride. AustenRead MorePride And Prejudice Essay1986 Words   |  8 PagesIn the novel Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen highlights societal marriage expectations in the Regency Era. Elizabeth Bennet, the intelligent and good-natured heroine, is proposed to by two contrasting characters: Fitzwilliam Darcy and William Collins. Mr Darcy is a rich and powerful man, from a respected family, who eventually becomes the romantic hero of the novel. Mr Collins is the cousin of Elizabeth and a man of the church; he is to inherit The Bennet estate when Elizabeth’s father dies, unfortunately

Law and Compliance Related with the Restaurant Business in Sydney

Questions: 1. Discuss the law and compliance related with the restaurant business in Sydney. 2. Discuss the issue arises regarding the remedies that may be available to Manny and Bella against Tuscan Ovens Pvt Ltd. Answers: Part A In the present researchers say, the areas of law and compliance related with the restaurant business that the family is running in Sydney have been explored. In this context, the major areas of law that the restaurant business is required to comply with include the registration of the name of the business, the consumer protection legislation, property laws, health and safety laws and regulations and the employment law. Therefore, the family that is running this trend in Sydney wants to name it the Great Catch! But the law of intellectual property provides that the name needs to be registered with the ASIC. According to the law, the parties are required to register the business name or the trading name in case it has been decided by a party that the business will be run as a sole trader or as a partnership. Therefore, under the circumstances, it is required that the business name should be registered with the ASIC. But it needs to be noted that if the business name is similar to the f irst name and surname of its owners or one of the partners, the registration of the business name is not required. In all other cases, the intellectual property law requires that the name should be registered. An example can be given to clear this requirement. For example if John Smith is going to name his business as John Smith Jewelry, there is no need for the registration of this name. But if the name of the business is going to be John's Jewelry, the law requires that such name should be registered (Vickery and Flood 2009). The other laws that may be applicable in this case will be the property law and the taxation law. For example, the restaurant business is required to take care of its GST obligations and PAYG. Similarly, as in this case the business is being done as a sole trader or as a partnership, it is very important that before the business becomes operational, and makes financial commitments, it is important that a written contract should be drafted. Property law is also applicable in the present case. As the restaurant will be running in Sydney in accordance with the Retail Shop Lease Act, 1994, the requirements of this legislation need to be fulfilled. At the same time, before signing the lease, the parties should gain proper understanding of the terms and conditions that have been mentioned in the lease. This will allow the parties to become aware of their obligations related with the lease that they are going to sign. On the other hand, if the parties are going to operate home business, it is possible that the local council may have imposed certain restrictions, for example restrictions on the number of persons that can be allowed to work at such a place. Therefore, the owners of the restaurant should be aware of these legal requirements related with property law. Another field of law and compliance is that of intellectual property. In the present case, the restaurant business should also try to protect its intellectual property. This will provide them with legal entitlement on their intellectual property. For the purpose of protecting this property, trademarks, patents and the designs are used by the businesses. Therefore, these can also be used the restaurant business. For example, it can protect a particular dish that has been invented by it or a new way to prepare a dish. Similarly the businesses should also regularly review and is required, renew the protection provided to their intellectual property. The law of intellectual property provides that the trademarks should be renewed after every 10 years. It is also advisable that experts should be involved in this process because the protection of intellectual property is a complex matter. Another important field is that of consumer protection. The Australian Consumer Law that has been mentioned in the Competition and Consumer Act, 2010 is the national law and has replaced the earlier legislation, the Trade Practices Act, 1974. Now this legislation is applicable throughout Australia and as a result, same rights are available to the consumers in all States and Territories of Australia and similarly, the obligations of businesses related with consumer protection are also the same throughout Australia. The main features of Australian consumer law are that it prohibits unfair trade practices, and it provides the general standard of conduct that is expected from the businesses (Khoury and Yamouni, 2006). The ACL also regulates business to consumer transactions and similarly, it provides statutory guarantees to the consumers that cannot be excluded by the parties to the contract. The ACL also deals with the safety issue of the products and services that are being supplied to the consumers. In view of these significant provisions as well as the penalties and intentions that can be imposed on the businesses, it displays important that a business is aware of its obligations under the ACL (Concrete Constructions (NSW) Pty Ltd v Nelson, 1990). In this case, the parties want to name the restaurant as the Great Catch! This is not the name and the surname of the owner or any of the partners of the business and as a result, this name needs to be registered. Apart from it, the owners of the business should consider all the legal requirements that are applicable in case of establishing the new business. On the other hand, if the owners of the business failed to abide by these legal requirements, it is possible that they may have to pay serious penalties. The present research has clearly shown that there are a number of laws and regulations that are applicable on the restaurant business. The requirement related with business structure is also one such requirement (Hinchy and Mcdermott, 2007). It is very significant that the registration regarding the business structure is up-to-date. For example, there is a requirement according to which the business name has to be renewed whenever it is due to do so. But if the parties have deci ded to run the restaurant business as a company, the Corporations Act, 2001 describes detailed requirements in such a case. Part B In this part of the assignment, the issue arises regarding the remedies that may be available to Manny and Bella against Tuscan Ovens Pvt Ltd. the reason behind this issue is that Manny and Bella were willing to purchase a heavy-duty oven. For this purpose, they visited Tuscan Ovens Pty Ltd and they wanted to purchase an oven that can cook 30 pizzas and similarly, they also wanted that the oven can be operated continuously for 16 hours every day. When they visited the company, they told the manager of the company regarding their requirements. They also told that if the oven cannot fulfill these requirements, they will lose customers, especially during peak hours of their business. The manager listened to the requirements of Manny and Bella and they recommended that they should buy their new Tuscan XX commercial oven. The manager assured Manny and Bella that this oven is suitable for their requirements and he can cook 30 pizzas and can be operated for longer hours. In this way, Manny and Bella relied on this statement made by the manager of the company and purchased the oven for $15,000. However, soon Manny and Bella discovered that only 12 pizzas can be cooked in the oven in an hour and moreover the open was not reliable and it cannot be operated continuously for longer hours daily. Due to these problems, the pizza business owned by Manny and Bella was losing money but Tuscan Ovens was not ready to hear the complaints related with the oven. As a result, the issue arises if Manny and Bella can take legal action against the company and if any remedies are available to them under these circumstances. In this context, the Australian consumer law provides that a part from the common law remedies under the law contract regarding the pre-contractual misrepresentations, the parties may also avail the statutory remedies that are provided by the ACL, which is a part of Competition and Consumer Act, 2010. Before this legislation, the relevant provisions were present in the Trade Practices Act, 1974. But after the introduction of Australian consumer law, it is being used more commonly (Larmer v Power Machinery Pty Ltd., 1977). The reason is that the ACL is applicable in a large number of circumstances and at the same time, the ACL also provides remedies that may be available to a party in case such party has suffered the loss by relying on the misrepresentation that has been made by the other party. The relevant provision in this regard the section 18 which prohibits misleading and deceptive conduct in context of trade and commerce. Section 18 is present in Schedule 2, Competition and Consumer Act. In the past, these provisions were mentioned in section 52, Trade Practices Act. Due to this reason, most of the case law regarding misleading and deceptive conduct still refers to this section (Bank of NSW v The Commonwealth, 1948). But section 18 of the ACL provides in this regard that context of trade and commerce, a person should not be involved in misleading or deceptive conduct or in conduct that may mislead or deceive the other party (OBrien v Smolonogov, 1983). Due to the reason that the act has mentioned the trade and commerce, it is clear that the sales that are private in nature, are not covered by this section but it also needs to mention that the provisions of section making toward nearly all commercial activity. In this way, when it has been established that the provisio ns of section 18 have been breached and the conduct of one party is misleading or deceptive, the law provides a wide range of remedies to the other party which include damages and the avoidance of contract (Tomasic and Bottomely, 1995). In the present case also, it has to be considered if the provisions of section 18 have been breached and if the pre-contractual representation that has been made by the manager of the company can be treated as misleading or deceptive. When Manny and Bella had visited the store of the company, they had clearly told that they wanted and oven that was capable of cooking at least 30 pizzas in one hour otherwise they will suffer the loss because they will be losing customers during the peak hours. In the same way, they also wanted that the oven should be reliable and it can be operated for 16 hours regularly. However after Manny and Bella had purchased the oven, they discovered that only 12 pizzas can be cooked in it in one hour. Moreover it was also found that the oven was unreliable and it cannot be operated for longer hours regularly. However, before purchasing the oven, Manny and Bella had relied on the representation made by the manager of the company regarding its capacity and relia bility. As the transaction was in context of trade and commerce, it can be said that the provisions of section 18 are applicable to this case. In this context, the law provides that the contracts that have been entered into by a party due to the misleading or deceptive conduct of the other party; the main remedy available to such party is the remedy of damages. Although the law also provides that an invention can be granted by the court and it is more significant relief in case of a breach of the provisions of section 18, however, practically such relief is not of much use under these circumstances as the parties have already entered into the contract by relying upon the misleading or deceptive conduct. As a result in this case also, damages can be claimed by Manny and Bella from Tuscan Ovens Pty Ltd as they have suffered a loss due to the fact that oven was not of the required capacity and moreover it was unreliable to which they lost customers. References Khoury and Yamouni, 2006, Understanding Contract Law, 7th ed., Butterworths Lexis Nexis Roger Vickery and MaryAnne Flood 2009, Australian Business Law: Compliance and Practice, Pearson Education Australia Russell Hinchy and Peter Mcdermott, 2007, Fundamental company legislation, edited, Sir Gordon Borrie, QC, LLM Commercial law 6th edition Tomasic and Bottomely, 1995, Corporations Law in Australia, (Australia: The Federation Press) Case Law Bank of NSW v The Commonwealth [(1948) 76 CLR 1 Concrete Constructions (NSW) Pty Ltd v Nelson (1990) 169 CLR 594 Larmer v Power Machinery Pty Ltd (1977) 29 FLR 490 OBrien v Smolonogov (1983) 53 ALR 107.

Preoperative education and postoperative pain scores in the paediatric patients

Table of Contents Introduction Data collection Methods Measurement tool Method of Data Analysis Evaluation Methods Annotated bibliography References Introduction According to Gehdoo (2004), medical practitioners have historically undertreated children for pain and painful procedures on the assumption that they do not feel the pain or that they forget the painful experiences faster than adults do. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Preoperative education and postoperative pain scores in the paediatric patients specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Gehdoo (2004) further adds that it is absolutely necessary for children to be given an effective pain therapy before and after surgery and as such, it has become an integral part of paediatric practice. The research will seek to find out if preoperative education does in fact decrease postoperative pain scores in paediatric patients. Data collection Methods Like in social s ciences, medicine employs the use of simple data collection methods like direct interviews. The basic collection methods in medicine are the interviews and conversations doctors carry out with their patients. Triangulation is also valuable in medical research but considering the age of the patients and the subtlety of the research, its not very applicable (Abramson et al, 1999). In this case, data will be collected from children on all trials that are conducted with them during their pre and post counselling sessions. Most important here will be the collection of data using the â€Å"cold probe† technique. This will involve collecting data during the first session that paediatric surgeons will have with the patients. The first session when the cold probe is conducted is good because the child will be fresh from surgery hence easier for behaviour analysis to determine if preoperative education did help. Measurement tool Multiple-choice questions will be used in this case. No rman (2002) contends that multiple-choice questions in medical research help in allowing straightforward sampling of the subject under research. The questions will help researchers to fairly and evenly distribute their probe thought the subject under study. They are also efficient in terms of cost and time. Given that patients will have mixed feelings, multiple-choice questions are better placed to capture all data in totality. Norman (2002) adds that they maximize the information attained per unit time in research. Again, the questions are more engaging and will make it easier for patients to express themselves on the subject being discussed.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Method of Data Analysis Descriptive statistics will be used in this research. According to Lang Secic (2006), descriptive statistics are useful because they help in reducing large amounts of data to small descriptive measures. The experiences that these children will go through will be captured through interviews structured to bring out the descriptive element. Though inferential statics may come in handy, their absolute necessity is diminished by the nature of the research. Summary that is guaranteed from descriptive statistics will especially precision in reporting the findings. Evaluation Methods According to Swanwick (2007), evaluation in medicine is the collection analysis and interpretation of information about any aspect in medicine. In this kind of research, Kirkpatrick’s Hierarchy and Evaluation Cycle methods come in handy. However, the evaluation cycle method will be used. The method suits this research since it is all encompassing starting with planning of the activity, preparation, teaching and learning of the activity and most importantly reflection and analysis. However, the Kirkpatrick method may be used as well in analysing this data if necessary. This is b ecause it takes to account the completion of learning or participation of a patient in a program which applies to this research. Its use will be limited though. Annotated bibliography Morton, N.S. (2005). Management of postoperative pain in children. Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed 2007; vol. 92:ep14-ep19. Morton outlines various principles that he believes if followed will help in reducing preoperative pan in children. According to him, medical practitioners need to recognise that children feel pain during surgery hence they need to put in place measure to minimise and moderate it. According to him, doctors need to prevent pain where it is predictable, control the pain and continue controlling it even after discharge from hospital.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Preoperative education and postoperative pain scores in the paediatric patients specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On a larger scale, some of the approache s he recommends in reducing preoperative pain in children. Individualised child centre approach, using the least invasive techniques for he anticipated level of pain, matching technique complexity of surgery and holistic care of emotional and physical attributes of pain. Some of the techniques he advises be used in pre and postoperative pan management include local and regional anaesthesia, systemic analgesia non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the use of paracetamol. He concludes that an integrated use of the above methods and principles in the past has proven successful in reducing pain in paediatric surgery. References Abramson, H.J. (1999). Abramson Survey methods in community medicine: epidemiological research, programme Evaluation Clinical Trials. London: Elsevier Limited. Gehdoo, R. P. (2004) Postoperative pain management in Pediatric patients. Indian J. Anaesth. 2004; 48 (5) :406-414 Lang, A.T. Secic, M. (2006). How to report statistics in medicine: annotated guideli nes for authors. New York: Tom Hartman. Norman, R.G. (2006). International handbook of research in medical education. London: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Morton, N.S. (2005). Management of postoperative pain in children. Arch Dis ChildAdvertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Educ Pract Ed 2007; vol. 92:ep14-ep19. Swanwick, T. (2007). Understanding Medical Education: Evidence, Theory and Practice. Oxford UK:  John Wiley Sons. This essay on Preoperative education and postoperative pain scores in the paediatric patients was written and submitted by user Levi Noel to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Cash Management Paper

Cash Management Paper Free Online Research Papers Cash Management Paper Cash is the lifeblood of companies. Cash provides the liquidity needed to meet everyday obligations owed to suppliers and creditors and the flexibility to take advantage of new opportunities that may arise. Managing cash is a delicate issue for many firms. For businesses cash is the key to daily operations, but cash is a non-earning asset. Dollars tied up in cash could be earning higher rates of return if invested in other areas. Large corporations spend considerable time and resources in cash management; dollars are transferred back and forth between marketable securities and cash accounts that earn a higher rate of return. Negotiated credit lines serve to supplement depleted cash during periods of shortage. Short-term financing is a portal that allows firms to operate with a low cash balance. The first part of this paper will explain the various cash management techniques. The second half of the paper will address the types of short-term financing a financial manager of a firm has to choose from. Cash Management Techniques While private citizens are often taught conservative cash management practices, most companies do not want to keep any more cash on hand than absolutely necessary. Companies must keep some cash for transactions, bank payments, and potential emergencies; although, the opportunity cost of holding an excess of cash rather than reinvesting it into current assets or growing the firms fixed assets is often significant. Multiple techniques can be used by a firm to manage its cash. These techniques are broken down into three separate categories: collections and disbursements, management of accounts receivable, and inventory management. Collections and Disbursements Float is the difference between the firm’s recorded amount and the amount credited to the firm by the bank. This is the result of a time delays in mailing, processing, and clearing checks through the bank (Block Hirt, 2004). Companies can use this to their advantage. If $500 in checks was written to suppliers and $800 was deposited in checks received by the company, possibly only $300 of the checks written by the company had cleared and $700 of the received checks had cleared. This would give the firm an extra $300 in available short term funds. A company can manage their cash by improving collections by using collection centers or lockbox systems. Collection centers help companies process checks quicker. Lockboxes process checks quickly and at a lower cost. The slowing of disbursements is not uncommon in cash management (Block Hirt, 2004). Banks assist firms in controlling disbursements. This allows the firm to time their payments so that they hold their cash as long as possible. The costs of a comprehensive cash management program can be substantial. The use of disbursement centers and remote collection can be expensive; along with the banks that may charge a fee or require the maintenance of adequate deposit balances. The use of a lockbox system may bring costs down, but overall the costs are significant. The firm needs to run a cost-benefit analysis to compare the expenses of the cash management program to the benefits that will be accrued by having a comprehensive program. Electronic funds transfer is the process of moving funds from one computer terminal to another without the use of a check. The techniques used to delay payments and floats are being reduced due to technology and the technique of electronic funds transfer (Block Hirt, 2004). Automated clearing houses (ACH) transfer information between one financial institution to another, and from account to account via computer. Direct deposit of checks is one of the most popular uses of ACHs. As stated by Block Hirt (2004), â€Å" It is estimated by Elliot C. McEntee, president and CEO of NACHA, that Americans save more that $1 billion in postage costs and late fees in 2003 by using direct payments, while companies and government agencies saved billions of dollars† (p. 182). Corporations that do business in many nations can shift money from country to country. Interest rates are different in all countries; therefore, a company may prefer to take advantage of high interest rates available in a particular country. Financial institutions and businesses can now make multicurrency payments via computer. According to Investopedia (2009), â€Å"Marketable Securities are very liquid securities that can be converted into cash quickly at a reasonable price. Marketable securities are very liquid as they tend to have maturities of less than one year. Furthermore, the rate at which these securities can be bought or sold has little effect on their prices† (Marketable Securities,  ¶ 1). Marketable securities consist of: treasury bills, treasury notes, treasury inflation protection securities, federal agency securities, certificate of deposit, commercial paper, banker’s acceptance, Eurodollar certificate of deposit, passbook savings account, and money market accounts. Firms will maintain levels of marketable securities to ensure that they are able to replenish cash balances quickly and to obtain higher returns than is possible by maintaining cash. Companies will hold securities with very little risk for their immediate cash needs. Highly liquid debt instruments such as commercial paper (short-term marketable promissory notes issued by financial institutions and other corporations), bankers acceptances (drafts issued and accepted by banks often used in international trade) and various government securities such as Treasury Bills and agency notes are frequently maintained in marketable security accounts. Other highly liquid instruments such as money market funds and certificates of deposit, are also maintained as marketable securities Management of Accounts Receivable Firms maintain accounts receivables to stimulate sales. Many clients prefer to make purchases on credit. A liberal accounts receivable policy tends to result in increased sales levels. That is, firms may stimulate their sales levels by relaxing their terms of credit. However, maintenance of accounts receivable represents an opportunity cost to the firm in terms of forgone returns on other assets. Furthermore, accounts receivable represent potential bad debt losses to the firm. The firm must find the appropriate balance of these costs relative to the benefits associated with accounts receivable. This appropriate or optimal balance occurs when the marginal costs of credit policy exactly offset its marginal benefits. Many firms will establish a credit period for their customers but will offer discounts to encourage them to pay early. For example, the terms 2/10, net 30 state that the bill is due in full within 30 days but the customer is offered a 2% discount if it pays within 10 days. Longer credit periods or more liberal credit terms are likely to stimulate sales, but at the same time, the firm forgoes the use of its money for a greater length of time and increases the potential for bad debt losses. Increasing the percentage discount will help speed the collection process, but at the expense of total cash flows from sales. Many firms will ease credit terms for products that take longer to sell. Such low turnover goods are more likely to be tied up longer as inventory; using liberal credit terms to defer cash receipts from their sale is less costly if the alternative is higher inventory levels. Similarly, more competitive markets for the firm’s products may also encourage more liberal cre dit terms since such terms may enhance the firm’s ability to compete. Before extending credit, the firm will probably wish to investigate the credit-worthiness of the customer. This investigation may simply focus on the firm’s customer’s credit history with the firm or may include contacting various credit reporting agencies (such as Dun and Bradstreet), checking with the customers bank and other suppliers of credit and examining the customer’s financial statements and operations. The financial statement analysis will probably require the use of financial ratios, particularly those reflecting the firms liquidity position. Inventory Management Inventory falls into three categories raw material, work in progress, and finished goods. According to Block Hirt (2004), â€Å"All of these forms need to be financed and their efficient management can increase a firm’s profitability† (p.194). The firm needs to decide if they are going to follow a level or seasonal production plan. It also must take into account inflation and deflation. It must hedge by using a futures contract to sell at a certain price in the near future. The firm must develop an inventory model. It can do this by first assessing various costs, including those resulting from ordering inventories and those associated with carrying inventory. Order costs will include all expenses resulting from obtaining inventory such as administrative ordering costs incurred by the firm, fees to agents, and in some cases, shipping costs. Inventory carry costs will include storage expenses such as warehouse heating and lighting costs. With this information the firm c an then determine the economic ordering quantity (EOQ). This is the most advantageous amount for the firm to order each time. The equation is: . S = Total Sales in units, O = Ordering cost for each order, C = Carrying cost per unit in dollars. If an entity runs out stock it could lose sales to a competitor. This may cause a firm to hold what is called safety stock. Even though the company will determine the optimum order quantity, they cannot predict the delivery schedules for suppliers or the fact that there will be stock to purchase when the old inventory reaches zero. This safety stock will help reduce these risks. â€Å"The amount of safety stock that a firm carries is likely to be influenced by the predictability of inventory usage and the time period necessary to fill inventory orders† (Block Hirt, 2004, p. 199). Just-in-time inventory (JIT) is a way to keep inventory costs down. This concept started in Japan with Toyota. Three components must be present: quality production with customer satisfaction; close ties between suppliers, manufacturers, and customers; and, low inventory. The benefits of JIT include cost savings from lower levels of inventory and reduced financing costs. Methods of Short-Term Financing Short-term financing opportunities are available in a variety of ways to companies. Most of short-term transactions covered by financing are for periods of 180 days or less. Short-term financing is required when the need to increase inventory is present. Inventory is then converted to sales. When extended payment terms are given to these sales, accounts receivable are created. Inventory and accounts receivable are short-term and provide a collateral base for a lender to provide financing. A company may need financing when the inventory and accounts receivable grow at a fast pace as a result of continually increasing sales; this creates the need for funds to support the increase in the accounts that are growing at a faster rate than the accounts receivables can be converted to cash. The many different types of short-term financing will be explored throughout the rest of the paper. Trade Credit According to Block Hirt (2004), â€Å"The largest provider of short-term credit is usually at the firm’s doorstep – the manufacturer or seller of goods and services (p. 211). A firm will use its accounts payable to fund future operations, this is called trade credit. The usual payment period for trade credit is 30 to 60 days. Many companies allow a cash discount to encourage early payment. A 2/10, net 30 cash discount means 2% will be deducted from the price if the payment is remitted in 10 days. Failure to do so will result in the full amount being due in 30 days. Bank Credit â€Å"Banks can provide financing for seasonal needs, product line expansion, and long-term growth† (Block Hirt, 2004, p. 212). Because of bank deregulation an entity now has access to many different kinds of banks that can be used for short-term financing; commercial banks, savings and loans, credit unions, brokerage houses, and new companies offering financial services are just a few options that firms can choose from. When using a bank for short term financing prime rates need to be considered. The higher the customer’s credit risk, the higher of an interest rate will be charged by the bank. Since London is the center of the Eurodollar deposits, United States businesses can borrow from London banks quite easily. The London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) is usually lower than the prime rate in the U.S.; therefore, companies can borrow from the London banks at a lower interest rate than they would get in the U.S. Many banks require a compensating balance when money is borrowed. This must be looked at closely by the financial manager. This requires the company to borrow more than is needed because a portion of the loan will be kept in an account with the bank. When a company takes a term loan or secures a loan with interest and a compensating balance a cost-benefit analysis needs to be done by the financial manager. The cost for borrowing money these ways can be high. The amount of money the company might expend on securing short-term financing through a bank might not be a financially smart decision. Commercial Paper A short-term promissory note issued to the public in minimum units of $25,000 is called commercial paper (Block Hirt, 2004). Commercial paper is broken down into two categories: finance paper and dealer paper. Finance paper is sold directly from the finance company to the lender. Dealer paper is sold by small companies such as utility firms, industrial companies, and financial firms. The commercial paper is then distributed by intermediate dealers for the small companies. Financial managers like using commercial paper for their short-term financing needs because they have no compensating balances and the charged interest rates are usually below the prime interest rate. According to Block Hirt (2004), â€Å"Although the funds provides through the issuance of commercial paper are cheaper than bank loans, they are also less predictable† (p. 221). Accounts Receivable Financing If a borrower’s credit rating is too low or its need for funds too large, the lending institution might require that certain assets be used as collateral. Accounts receivable financing is a way for the company to get the funding. A company can either pledge the accounts receivable or factor them. Pledging accounts receivables means the financing company will lend 60% 90% of the value of the acceptable collateral. If the borrower defaults on the loan the lender will have full recourse against borrower. Interest rates are generally well above prime for this type of loan. Factoring the accounts receivables means that the company sold those accounts directly to the lender. The customer’s will now make their payments directly to the lending company. The borrowing firm will pay the factoring firm a commission fee as well a lending rate for assuming the risk of the accounts receivable. Inventory Financing Entities may also borrow against their inventory to gain funds. According to Block Hirt (2004), â€Å"The extent to which inventory financing may be employed is based on the marketability of the pledged goods, their associated price stability, and the perishability of the productâ€Å"(p. 226). Borrowing against inventory can be done three ways: blanket inventory liens, trust receipts, and warehousing. Blanket inventory liens are the simplest way to borrow against the inventory. There is no physical transfer of the merchandise. The lending company has a general claim against the inventory. Trust receipts are instruments acknowledging that the borrower holds the inventory and proceeds from the sales in trust for the lender (Bloch Hirt, 2004). Each piece of inventory is marked with a serial number; when it is sold, the proceeds are given to the lender and the trust receipt is destroyed. This gives more control to the lender than blanket inventory does but the borrower still has physical control of the inventory. Warehousing is when the inventory is physically stored in a warehouse under the direction of a third party warehousing company. The goods can only be moved with the lender’s approval. If the inventory is stored in the third party warehousing company’s warehouse it is called public warehousing. Field warehousing is when the inventory is kept in the borrower’s warehouse but is controlled by a third party warehousing company. Conclusion Cash flow management is absolutely critical to the financial survival of a firm. A shortage of cash may result in a firm that shows a profit on its income statement but is bankrupted by being unable to meet its financial obligations. Cash management is a broad term that refers to the collection, concentration, and disbursement of cash. It encompasses a companys level of liquidity, its management of cash balance, and its short-term investment strategies. In some ways, managing cash flow is the most important job of business managers. If at any time a company fails to pay an obligation when it is due because of the lack of cash, the company is insolvent. According to Answers.com (2009), â€Å"Insolvency is the primary reason firms go bankrupt† (Cash Management,  ¶ 3). Obviously, the possibility of such a consequence should encourage companies to manage their cash with care. Moreover, efficient cash management means more than just preventing bankruptcy; it improves the profita bility and reduces the risk to which the firm is exposed. References Answers.com. (2009). Cash Management. Retrieved July 11, 2009, from answers.com/topic/cash-management Block, S., B., Hirt, G., A. (2004). Foundations of Financial Management, 11/e. Retrieved June 1, 2009, from University of Phoenix eBook Collection on the World Wide Web: apollolibrary.com. Investopedia. (2009). Marketable Securities. Retrieved July 11, 2009, from investopedia.com/terms/m/marketablesecurities.asph-management Research Papers on Cash Management PaperIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalThe Project Managment Office SystemOpen Architechture a white paperNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceTwilight of the UAWBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfDefinition of Export QuotasAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaResearch Process Part OneThe Effects of Illegal Immigration

English Language Education in Japan

English Language Education in Japan In Japan, eigo-kyouiku (English-language education) starts the first year of junior high school and continues at least until the third year of high school. Surprisingly, most students are still unable to speak or to comprehend English properly after this time. Reasons for Lack of Comprehension One of the reasons is the instruction focusing on the skill of reading and writing. In the past, Japan was a nation composed of a single ethnic group and had a very small number of foreign visitors, and there were few opportunities to converse in foreign languages, therefore the study of foreign languages were mainly considered to obtain the knowledge from the literature of other countries. Learning English became popular after World War II, but English was taught by teachers who were trained under the method that emphasized reading. There were no qualified teachers to teach hearing and speaking. In addition, Japanese and English belong to different families of languages. There are no commonalities either in structure or words. Another reason in the Ministry of Educations guidelines. The guideline limits the English vocabulary that is to be learned during the three years of junior high school to about 1,000 words. Textbooks must be screened first by the Ministry of Education and result for the most part in standardized textbooks making the English language learning too confining. Recent Years However, in recent years the necessity has increased to communicate in English as the ability to listen and speak English is in demand. The students and adults who study English conversation have increased rapidly and private English conversation schools have become prominent. Schools are now also putting strength into eigo-kyouiku by the installation of language laboratories and the hiring of foreign language teachers.

Summarize, in detail, an uploaded article in psychology Essay

Summarize, in detail, an uploaded article in psychology - Essay Example Klonsky has pointed out that the results of some studies suggest that it is found among 14% of college students, that more women self injure and that self injury has become increasingly common in recent years. The results of studies also show that the tendency to injure oneself first starts to appear between the ages of 14 to 14 and the most common form of injury is skin cutting, which occurs in about 70 to 97% of individuals. Self injury can be damaging for individuals because it causes physical injuries necessitating medical treatment, which could even be severe enough to lead to death. More damaging however, is the psychological distress caused to the victim and his or her loved ones. The rest of the article deals with the 18 empirical studies. Klonsky’s review has included only those studies which directly address the functions of self injury, i.e, studies which assess the motivation and reasons for self injury as well as the variables associated with self injury, such as affect states and preceding events. The seven common functions repeatedly examined in these studies include (a) affect regulation or self injury as a response to alleviate acute negative affect (b) anti-disassociation, or ending the experience of disassociation (c) anti-suicide, or to combat the urge to commit suicide (d) interpersonal boundaries or to assert one’s autonomy (e) interpersonal influence or to seek help from others (f) self punishment and (g) sensation seeking.( Klonsky, 2007:229). The author also states that three primary methodologies have been used in the studies to examine the above functions, namely (i) self reports of injurers where they discuss the reasons why they injure themselves (ii) self report of phenomenology, where self injurers talk about the experience of self injury and (iii) laboratory studies. The laboratory studies do not rely upon self reporting; rather the injurers are asked to perform

Analyze the Capital Cycle (healthcare related) Assignment

Analyze the Capital Cycle (healthcare related) - Assignment Example There are two components of a capital structure. The first comprises of strategic planning and implementation, while the second comprises of the development of supporting infrastructure which include financial planning, capital structure and capital allocation. The importance of a financial plan to an organization is that it places the organization in financial equilibrium position, which defines its organizational capabilities. The financial infrastructure plays an important role in giving integrity and momentum to the capital cycle. Capital structure on its part looks at the questions relating to the financing of the organization, which is best described as a combination of debt and equity that seeks to finance the strategic plan. Capital allocation should be done in consideration with the best practices that relate to financial objectives and policies, review of the project and the approval of the capital expenditures of the organization. ... Poplin (2011) observes that capital capacity has significantly reduced the hospital capacity, and defined the amount of capital available to the organization for funding both the routine capital requirements and the strategic plan of moving forward. Feasibility and impact of improved operating performance shows that organizations geographically located in markets that do not expect to experience organic growth have difficulties in closing the gap between projected sources and the application of finances over that time horizon. Strategic position and viability of strategic plans cautions executives to look closely at the strategic plans in line with the current financial plan. Some strategies may have to be extended to a later date while others may require some urgency in implementation. According to Coss (2009), labour efficiency in a healthcare institution is an important factor in the capital cycle. However, it is difficult to access individual worker’s productivity of the o rganization. In case it has to be done, a desired understanding of what defines a desired output is put into consideration. Healthcare investments that are aimed at improving the efficiency are increasing being considered by organizations. The various processes that are put into more focus include the workflow analysis, workplace architecture, product design, and information technology. The major difference is vested on the persons involved in the purchase of equipment and the actual users of the equipment. Different sets of purchasing and marketing motivators affect the purchasing decisions of high ranking decision making officials in a different way than those who regularly put the equipment to

Civil liberties during war-time Essay Example for Free

Civil liberties during war-time Essay Civil Liberties are for example freedom of speech and freedom of the press as defined by the first amendment. These freedoms have been challenged by the threat of war, but should they be taken away because of it? The first amendment states that Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. These are our civil liberties that we are promised as citizens of the U.S. In the past these liberties have been interfered with. The main cause for this interference was war. The government wanted to abolish any chances of treason or leaking of information to the enemies and to do this they passed act such as the Alien and Sedition Acts. The Alien and Sedition Acts made it illegal to write, print, speak, or publish anything false or untrue about to United States. We can understand how certain precautions must be made to insure safety in times of war but to go so far as to take away our freedoms are out of bounds. There are numerous other ways to make us safe without interfering with our liberties. For example: tighter security. After 9/11 security became very tight at airports and other areas where terrorists might be able to enter the country. Although this extra security was tedious and time consuming to get through, it was well within the lines of the 1st amendment because it did not take away any of our freedoms. I do not believe that our civil liberties should be taken away during wartime. This is a democracy and should remain one whether engaged in war or not. The government can think of more ways to protect us other than limiting our freedoms of speech or of the press, and certainly without interfering with our privacy unless there is just cause to do so.

Essay on Pointing the Finger in John Milton’s Paradise Lost

Pointing the Finger in Paradise Lost  Ã‚   After the fall in Milton’s Paradise Lost, Adam and Eve bicker and blame one another for their decent. First, Adam accuses Eve for her physical act of accepting the apple from Satan and eating it, thus defying God’s decree not to eat from the Tree of Knowledge. In retaliation, Eve responds and attempts to not only justify her act, but also to place the blame on Adam. Eve’s reaction is typical of someone who does not like to admit he is wrong. Eve begins by challenging Adam with an argument that he would have done the same thing had he been in her situation. "[Had’st] thou been there,/ Or here th’ attempt, thou couldst not have discern’d/ Fraud in the Serpent, speaking as he spake" (IX 1148-1150). She is trying to justify her action in Adam’s mind by making him realize he would have acted the same way, and in effect she also hopes to gain his sympathy. This tactic is often effective because we do not tend to choose to recognize faults in others when we realize we are susceptible to the same mistakes. Aristotle recognizes the relationship between eliciting sympathy and making the audience relate to the situation in his Poetics when he describes the ideal character as one who is "true to life" (81). An audience must be able to relate to a falling character, or else they will not pity his plight. In other words, if a speaker wants sympathy from his audience, he must make them "feel his pain." Eve proceeds in her rebuttal with justification for her action based on the circumstances of the scenario. She argues, "No ground of enmity between us known,/ Why hee should me ill of seek to harm" (II 1151-1152). She seems to imply that a less trusting person would not have listened to the se... ...ccusation that he did not try hard enough to keep her at his side when he asks, "What could I more?/ I warn’d thee, I admonish’d thee, foretold/ The danger, and the lurking Enemy/ That lay in wait" (IX 1170-1172). No matter how developed any one piece of Aristotle’s triangle seems, it is useless without the other two parts. If you take a step back and observe this scene of Paradise Lost with your own experiences in mind, you realize how petty the "blame game" can be. Eve tries very hard to use persuasion as a "finger pointing" tool so she can alleviate any guilt of her own. However, she fails. We all must know what it feels like to fail in an argument, yet we still test situations like these sometimes when we do not want to accept full responsibility for something that has gone wrong. Works Cited   Milton, John. Paradise Lost. New York: W.W. Norton, 1993.   

Contempory Management Functions Essay

How do the theories proposed in your chosen reading inform your understanding of contemporary management functions and the employer-employee relationship? The Purpose of this essay is to determine how scientific management impacts contemporary management functions and the employer-employee relationship. This essay is based on the journal article [Locke,E (1982)The Ideas of Fredrick W Taylor: An Evaluation, Academy Management review,7(11),pp.14-24] and is regarding scientific management started by Fredrick Winslow Taylor which was a theory developed regarding management which analysed workflows. It was one of the earliest attempts to apply science to management. Scientific management’s main objective was to improve economic efficiency and productivity in the workforce. In most simple terms some of the many concepts were having a standardised method for doing a job, providing increased compensation to the worker as reward for being efficient and hiring the right person for the right job. Many of these theories are very commonly used in management today. Contemporary is a word meaning existing or occurring at the same time (Robbins,2012) . Management functions refer to the way somebody manages a business (Robbins,2012). Therefore contemporary management functions are how we typically manage today. Employer- employee relationship is the relationship in which a manager has with their employee’s and how they complete their work day together and if they are efficient together (Robbins,2012). The four contemporary management functions are Planning, Organising, leading and controlling. Planning is defined as a management function that involves defining goals, establishing strategies for achieving those goals and developing plans to integrate and coordinate activities (Robbins,2012). Organising is a management function that involves arranging and structuring work to accomplish the organisations goals (Robbins,2012). Leading is working with and through people to accomplish organisational goals and controlling involves monitoring, comp aring and correcting work performance (Robbins,2012). Scientific management theories proposed in this reading do apply to  contemporary management functions. Although many of these theories could be argued as common knowledge today, when Fredrick Taylor established them they were prehistoric terms. He wanted to find out ‘one best way’ for everything in the workplace. Taylor’s most well known experiment was the pig-iron experiment (Locke, 1982 ). The experiment involved workers loading ‘pigs’ of iron on to rail cars. He knew their current daily output, but believed more was possible using scientific management. This was done due to many things. First of all putting the right person on the job with the right tools and equipment. In today’s management people hire the best person they can for the job. Secondly he had the worker follow his instructions exactly. This is also normal in today’s management functions, because people do things the way the employer wants them to. Taylor also motivated successful and productive workers with higher pay (Locke, 1982). This is also very common in today, with higher salary packages for good workers and pay increases for productivity fairly common. This improves employer and employee relationships by making the employee feel valued. Although many people believe in Taylors scientific management functions Lawerence (2010), Green (1986) both argue that that this is not the case and that scientific management is the problem in today’s management. Although there arguments are well presented there seems to be no evidence suggesting that Taylor’s theories do not work. Chung(2013) Agrees with Taylors contemporary management theories but argues the point that people could be to caught up on contemporary management functions and forgetting some key aspects of general managing. Taylor’s scientific management theories help the understanding of the employer-employee relationship by making it easier to understand what the relationship is actually for. This relationship is primarily about productivity .Many things Taylor did such as relaying messages from the employer to the employee to improve productivity) are also widely used in today’s management(locke,1982) . He also discovered that giving feedback to your employees will increase there skills and there productivity ( Locke,1982). This method is also very commonly used today with weekly meetings in many companies between employee and employer. Many large companies today use contemporary management functions in the work place. Companies Such as subway, burger king and McDonald’s are all very structured from top to bottom of the company and people are constantly striving to think of ways to improve productivity thus maximising profits. Yang (2012), Talks about all the hugely complex mathematical equations that now go into various parts decision making in Burger King and McDonald’s. Although the equations are to complex to understand to the average person it is clear that management is a lot more planned and structured in today’s workplace. Williams (2008) statesâ€Å"Consistency is a priority at McDonald’s† (p.15). This is true because anytime you walk into a McDonalds anywhere in the world you know what to expect. This is due to the contemporary management functions of a large scale to plan and organise and regulate what every individual McDonalds can do to ensure people know what they are getting and what to expect every time they walk through that door. Williams (2008) also discusses the change between old management styles and new management styles that have produced positive results for the company. The new management styles are all very similar to what Locke (1982) says about Taylor’s theories. For example Williams (2008) speaks about all the new rewards McDonalds have brought in for successful franchises and employees ranging from bonus’s to promotions to higher positions which like Taylor suggests encourages people to work harder hence greater profits (Locke, 1982 ) . Williams (2008) also talks about the extensive process in training managers and staff and the new expectations of every employee within the company that has increased greatly over the years to insure everythi ng runs according to contemporary management functions. Taylor’s theories of scientific management are helpful in informing you of contemporary management functions and employer-employee relationships. The way the workplace is shaped today seems very relevant to Taylor’s theories. Many of his theories are normal in today’s management functions. Although he has had many critics of his work It is shown in the articles that not many have been able to prove there arguments. Using evidence such as Williams (2008) journal on the change in managing McDonalds makes it clear that Taylor has had a big influence on typical management functions in today’s  workplace. Chung, C. (2013) The Road Not Taken: Putting ‘Management’ Back to Taylor’s Scientific Management, Journal of multidisciplinary research, 5(1), pp. 45-56. Green, M. (1986) A Kantian Evaluation of Taylorism in the Workplace, Journal of Business Ethics, 7 (2), pp. 165-169. Lawrence, P. (2010)The key job design problem is still Taylorism, Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 31 (2), pp. 412-421. Locke, E. (1982) The Ideas of Fredrick W .Taylor: An Evaluation, Academy of Management Review, 7 (1), pp. 14-24. Robbins,S.R., Bergman, Stagg, Coulter. (2012). Management (6th ed.). Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd. Williams, E. (2008) Accelerated leadership development tops the talent management menu at Mcdonald’s ,27(4),pp. 15-31. Yang,N. (2012) Burger King and McDonald’s: Where’s the Spillover?, 19(2),pp.255-281

Job Satisfaction Important Factors Assignment

I was appalled when I saw the first set of graphs conducted on the 600 employees, ND that the balance between life and work was so low on the list. Honestly, now that I have a child at home, I chose that as one of my top 5, but If you would have asked me two years ago I probably wouldn't have put that as an important aspect. I obviously chose Job security because no matter what, I want to know that I am Important to the company and that they need me to be there in order for everything to run smoothly, which In turn will almost guarantee that I will always have an available position within that company.The second most important Job aspect to me is the availability for career advancement. I am the type of person that always wants to better herself and to climb right up that corporate ladder. I don't ever want to settle with a position when I know that there is one higher and within my reach and ability if I were to try hard enough, and to complete the tasks necessary to gain that posit ion. So if a company does not have the opportunity for advancement, then it is not the right place for me, and I probably wouldn't even consider working there.Pay is obviously important because it is what make after working hard all day long for the company. It Is also what helps to support my family. As we've all heard â€Å"money makes the world go 'round†. I want to be rewarded for my accomplishments and to know that I am Important by the amount of money I make. The way I see It, the better I am at my job and the harder I work, the more money I make the company, so, why shouldn't I be rewarded for that? The fourth most important aspect to me is benefits.This also would not have been Important before I had a family. As a high school or even young college student, you don't think â€Å"l want to get great benefits when I graduate†. I honestly didn't even know what the word meant until I moved out of my parents house and got a Job on my own. Now that I have a family th ough, the benefits are most definitely an Important aspect of any Job. After reviewing the chart by the SHIRR my results are much more Like theirs than on the website. My numbers 1, 3, 4, and 5 are all located within the top 5 on their chart.My number 2, Career Advancement was not located anywhere on the top of can't, out actually second to last. I Nils contuses me, Decease tenet under two Is compensation and pay, but in order to make more money, you must advance your career. The farther up the corporate ladder you are, the more money you are likely to make. I guess when taking part in the survey people were not thinking about advancing their careers to make more money, but maybe were happy with where they were within their business. It is most definitely possible to get a raise in pay without changing positions and advancing.Everyone has different ways of thinking and maybe other people are not like me. Maybe they do not like change and want to be within the same position for as lo ng as that position is available to them. There is no wrong or right when it comes to people's opinions. I was glad to see that more people polled for Flexibility to balance life and work issues as I believe this is important to anyone who has a family or wishes to have one. I would say that between all three charts Compensation and Benefits have topped them, which proves the saying â€Å"Money Talks†.

Comparing The Black Cat and The Fall of the House of Usher

Comparing The Black Cat and The Fall of the House of Usher Free Online Research Papers The Black Cat and The Fall of the House of Usher are two very different yet parallel stories. For example, though the stories are different, Poe uses very similar themes for both of them. One theme is Passion. In both the stories, one of the main characters has had a passion for something or the other- The Black Cat: the narrator’s passion for animals and in The Fall of the House of Usher: Roderick Usher’s passion for music and the arts. Poe shows that passion can be expressed in many ways, no matter what state of mind the person is in. Perhaps this could be an indirect reference to himself, how, though he was an opium addict, he had a passion for writing and the opium did not stop him from expressing it. Another common theme between the two stories is struggle- trying to get out of a situation when you just cannot. In The Black Cat, the narrator tries to escape from the guilt of killing Pluto, but cannot, so he ends up killing his wife. He could not do anything to stop himself from behaving the way he did. This is extremely similar to The Fall of the House of Usher where Roderick Usher is trying to escape from the mental illness that he has. Asking his childhood friend to visit, he had hoped that it could help bring him out of his shell, maybe just miraculously cure him, but it does not. In the end, just like the narrator in The Black Cat, he ends up loosing something extremely precious- his life. Poe also uses Single Unifying Effect in both stories. Five examples of him using it in The Black Cat are: The voice from the tomb (the scream); the death of Pluto, his first cat; the ruining of his house; the murder of his wife and the image of the Gallows. Research Papers on Comparing The Black Cat and The Fall of the House of UsherMind TravelThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsCapital PunishmentWhere Wild and West MeetBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XHip-Hop is ArtThe Fifth HorsemanComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoThe Hockey GameHonest Iagos Truth through Deception

Does the SAT Essay Matter Expert Guide

Does the SAT Essay Matter Expert Guide SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips In days of yore, the SAT Essay was very different. For starters, it was a required portion of the exam, scored as part of the writing section. You had a measly 25 minutes to give and support your opinion on such deep philosophical issues as the importance of privacy or whether people perform better when they can use their own methods to complete tasks. Things are very different now. Along with the SAT itself, the SAT Essay has been completely revamped and revised. Among other things, it is now an optional portion of the exam.In light of this SAT Essay renovation, many schools will no longer require that students take the SAT Essay when they take the exam. But what do all these changes mean for you? Is the SAT Essay important?Read on for a breakdown of the new SAT changes, information on which schools continue to require the SAT Essay, why schools do and don’t require this portion of the exam, and how to figure out if the SAT Essay is necessary or important for you. The New SAT Essay The SAT was revised in March 2016. The aspect of the exam that is most changed is the essay. Instead of writing a 25-minute opinion piece, you will have 50 minutes to analyze how the author of a given passage constructs his or her argument. Additionally, instead of having the exam integrated into your composite score, you will receive a separate score for your exam that does not affect your 1600-point score. The new exam is graded out of 24 points - 8 points each in â€Å"Reading† (essentially reading comprehension), â€Å"Analysis,† and â€Å"Writing† (writing style). See our breakdown of the new rubric here. Finally, the new essay is a completely optional portion of the exam. You don’t have to take it, and you’ll still get your 1600-point score. In this way it’s a lot like the ACT, which also has an optional essay. If you wish to register for the SAT Essay, you’ll pay an extra $.50. Because the essay is now optional, colleges have the option of not requiring students to send SAT Essay scores. Thus, many colleges have dropped this requirement.So who still requires the SAT Essay? Let this creepy happy pencil guide you through the SAT Essay! Who Requires the New SAT Essay? According to a Kaplan poll in which 300 schools were surveyed, most schools will not require the optional SAT Essay. However, some still do recommend or require it, particularly in the most selective tier of institutions. Notably, elite schools like the Ivy League, Stanford, MIT, and the University of Chicago are divided on the issue, with some requiring the essay and some neither requiring or recommending it. In the Ivy League, Harvard, Princeton, Dartmouth and Yale will continue to require the SAT Essay, and Columbia, Cornell, UPenn, and Brown will not. Big state schools are similarly divided: for example, the University of California system and the University of Michigan both require the essay, University of Illinois and Purdue University recommend it; and Penn State, University of Wisconsin-Madison, and Indiana University neither require nor recommend the essay. For the most up-to-date information on a school’s position on the SAT Essay, check the College Board. If the school isn’t on the list, check their admissions website.Those schools that do require the essay have gone on the record with specific reasons for doing so; I’ll break those down in the next section. Schools are divided, like this egg. Why Do Schools Require the SAT Essay? Given that so many schools won’t require the essay going forward, you may be curious about those that do still require it. What’s their reasoning?Based on public statements from school officials, it seems to boil down to three main reasons: #1: More Information Is Better Some colleges seem to feel that all of the information they can get from applicants is helpful in painting a complete picture of the applicant. Certainly the SAT Essay presents a somewhat unique data point in that there are no other standardized elements of a college application that would include specific information on an applicant’s timed writing skills. It makes sense that schools that value having all the information that it is conceivably possible to obtain about a student would require the SAT Essay. #2: The Revised Test Is Similar to College Work The old SAT Essay involved a fairly arbitrary task and bore no resemblance to any work students do in college. However, the revised essay engages a student’s rhetorical analysis skills and requires the kind of analytical thinking students will perform in college. Thus, some colleges require the new SAT Essay because they feel it gives valuable insight into how a student might perform with college-level work. #3: Sending a Message on the Importance of Writing Institutions may also require the SAT Essay simply because they wish to telegraph to the world that they believe writing is important. This was part of the rationale given by Yale as to why they would continue to require the essay. That’s why schools require it- but what about schools that don’t require the essay? What’s their reasoning? Cats or dogs: another hot-button issue at elite institutions Why Don't Schools Require the SAT Essay? There are four main reasons that schools have given for not requiring the SAT essay going forward: #1: Consistency Many schools already do not require the optional writing portion of the ACT. So now that the SAT Essay is also optional, it makes sense to not require it, either. This simply makes testing guidelines consistent for those schools. #2: The Essay Is Redundant Some schools feel that they already have sufficient evidence of an applicant’s writing capability through application essays. This is particularly true at institutions where multiple essays are required as part of the application. #3: The SAT Essay Does Not Predict College Success In the past, the old SAT essay has been shown to be the least predictive element of college success on the SAT. While there is not yet data on the new SAT essay’s predictive capabilities, schools have taken this opportunity to shed what they feel is basically dead weight in an application. #4: Requiring the SAT Essay Presents a Burden to Underprivileged Students Columbia’s primary concern is that the extra cost of the essay may be a deterrent to underprivileged students. University of Pennsylvania has made similar statements- minority and underprivileged students are least likely to have a â€Å"complete testing profile.† So, they’ve eliminated the SAT Essay requirement in the hopes of attracting a more diverse applicant pool. A diverse tomato pool. So Does theSAT Essay Matter to Your College Chances? I’ve gone over how and why schools use or don’t use the SAT Essay. But what does all of this mean for you? There are two main questions you need to answer to determine how important the essay is for you: first, should you take the SAT Essay section, and second, how important is your score? Should I Take the SAT Essay? This comes down mostly to whether or not you are applying to schools that require or recommend the SAT Essay. (In college applications, I would generally err on the side of treating recommendations as nicely-worded requirements.) If you are truly not interested in a single school that requires/recommends the essay, and you don’t see yourself changing your mind, go ahead and skip it.However, if there’s even a chance you might be interested in a school that does require/recommend the essay, you should take it. And if you’re applying to highly selective schools, definitely take the essay portion, because around half of them require the essay. So if you change your mind at the last minute and decide you’re applying to CalTech as well as MIT, you’ll need that essay. I advise this because if you don’t take the essay portion and then end up needing it for even one school, you’ll have to take the entire test over again. If you’re happy with your score already, this will be a big four-hour drag for you. You might also want to take the essay portion if you are particularly good at rhetorical analysis and timed writing. Even for colleges that don’t require the essay, a stellar score will look good. How Important Is Your SAT Essay Score? This is a little more complicated, as it does depend to a certain extent on the schools you are applying to.I spoke to admissions officers from several schools, and some themes emerged as to how important they consider your essay score to be, and how they use it in evaluating your application: The general consensus was that the essay was the least important part of the SAT overall. Admissions offices will look much more closely at your composite score. The SAT Essay is primarily looked at in combination with your other writing-based application materials: your admissions essay and your high school English transcripts are also used to determine your writing and language skills. Essentially, it’s a part of a facet of your application. That said, bombing the essay would be a red flag to admissions officers that you might not be fully prepared for college-level work. Overall, I would advise you not to sweat your essay score too much. The most important thing is that your essay score is more or less consistent with your other test scores. It certainly doesn’t have to be perfect- if you get a 1600 and an 18 out of 24, I wouldn’t stress too much. But if you, say, have a 1500 and get a 9/24 on the essay, that’s a little more concerning, as it may cause concern among admissions officers that you aren’t prepared for college-level work. In general, then, schoolsreally look at the score, but it’s not one of the most important parts of your application or even your SAT score.Your best bet if you are interested in a given school that requires the essay and you want more specific guidance how they use the essay is to call the admissions office and ask. To learn more about what a good SAT Essay score is, check out our guide to the average SAT Essay score. Not this kind of score! How Can I Succeed on the SAT Essay? Luckily, it’s very possible to learn the skills to hit the SAT Essay out of the park every time. Here are some general tips: Learn specific persuasive and argumentative techniques that you can reference in your essay. If you can’t identify what devices authors can use to make arguments, how will you write an essay about it? Make sure you have a clear thesis that can be defended with evidence from the passage. Include an introduction and a conclusion. This will help â€Å"bracket† your great points and show that you know how to structure a solid piece of writing. Rely on evidence from the passage to build your argument. Don’t give your opinion on the issue! The new SAT essay is not opinion-based. Make sure you use correct grammar and academic language. (No â€Å"This passage, like my brows, is on fleek.†) Write at least a page. Also see this guide to getting a perfect SAT Essay score and this one on improving your score. Tips to success: don't fold up the Essay section into origami boats. Final Summary and Actionables With the new SAT making the essay section optional, many schools have chosen to neither require nor recommend that students take it. Most schools will no longer require the essay, but highly selective schools are divided on the issue. Among those schools that do require the SAT Essay, many have gone on the record to say that they feel the essay provides a valuable additional piece of information on an applicant’s potential for college-level work. They plan on using the essay as a way to further evaluate an applicant’s writing skills, although for most of these schools it is considered the least important part of the SAT score. At schools where the SAT Essay is not required, the essay has been eliminated for a variety of reasons: for more consistency with ACT requirements, because the Essay seems redundant or poorly predictive of college success, or to attract a more diverse applicant pool. What does all this mean for you?If there’s even a chance you’ll apply to a school that requires or recommends the essay, take the SAT with Essay. If you don’t and end up needing it later, you’ll have to re-take the entire exam. If you do take the SAT Essay, don’t stress too much about getting a perfect score, but do prepare enough that you are confident you won’t get a very low score compared to your composite. What's Next? If you're thinking about test scores and college, check out my article on the minimum SAT score for college. Ready to get started with practice essays? Check out our thorough analysis of the SAT essay prompt and our complete list of prompts to practice with. Aiming for a perfect SAT essay score? Read our guides to get strategies on how to get an 8/8/8 on your SAT essay. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT prep classes. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your SAT score by 160 points or more. Our classes are entirely online, and they're taught by SAT experts. If you liked this article, you'll love our classes. Along with expert-led classes, you'll get personalized homework with thousands of practice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step, custom program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Try it risk-free today:

Review of an exibition you have visited OR you book you have read of a Essay

Review of an exibition you have visited OR you book you have read of a design related - Essay Example Disney books features and images from the concept development stage which were never seen before. It is entirely about the encounters of a lady known as Ann in a journey .It is dedicated to the design, art and creation of † Frozen†. She was together with a man called Kristoff. The aim of their journey was to search for her sister Elsa who was believed to have icy powers that used to trap the kingdom of Arendelle in eternal winter. Ann and Kristoff were trying all the means and battled to save the kingdom. The book contains a lot of early graphical art designs such as pictures ( SOLOMON, 2013). The art of this book comes with Elsa’s coronation in the first chapter of the book. The book has different graphic designs and styles. Tones of art are packed well with the book having few character designs. The characters have complex costume designs which actually raise the graphics of the book. The second chapter called the wilderness brings to the reader a scene in the forest. There is a development of an art of different kinds of trees and how snow looks on them. There is again the art of Ann going through the forest to look for Elsa. There is also the graphics brought by the landscape of this scene. In the forest Ann comes across the owner of a certain shop which has a few color graphics ( DICKERMAN, 2011). Chapter three of this book is called â€Å"Ice palace.† It has various graphic designs of architecture and look of the ice palace. It contains beautiful early art graphic designs. After Elsa becomes the â€Å"Snow queen,† she changes her hair style and dress. The snow queen, the design ethos, the color theory and graphics, landscapes and the character designs gives the reader the promise of a well written book. Here a reader finds that the author has used graphics of color in the dress won by Elsa to portray to us her point of transformation ( LUXBACHER, 2006). The final chapter which is named, â€Å"The return to Arendelle, mainly has the art of Arendelle

Strategic Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 3

Strategic Analysis - Essay Example Being in 62 countries, the company has employed over one hundred and eighty-two thousand people. They offer their services in their coffee shops, homes and even in offices. The flexibility has made them acquire the loyalty of many customers. They operate in the stock market and have the majority of the market shares (The New York Times, 2014, retrieved fromhttp://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/business/companies/starbucks_corporation/index.html ). They have a variety of brands that help meet the varying demands of customers. Starbucks operates in a highly competitive environment with many and strong competitors. The coffee business has no entry limitations and therefore competition grows each day. Despite the situation, Starbucks has managed to remain competitive and providing its customers with high-quality products. Starbucks operates well-maintained stores in terms of health and comfort (Michelli, 2007, p. 22). Their neatness maintains their customers and attracts new customers too. The management in each of the stores is strategic. They have ensured that all the services offered are premium. The managers have ensured that their customers feel that the products are adapted and personalized. The comfort in the coffee shops has made them become social places and hence, attracting many customers. The many people meeting in the Starbucks coffee shops have been their largest strong point in terms of expanding and increasing their economies of scale. The organization is very selective when hiring their staff. Well-trained employees who have a sense of customer service run the corporation. They train their employees on a yearly basis, hence growing to the world’s leading coffee shop in terms of restaurant service. Starbucks trains their employees not only to make coffee but also on service value of the corporation. This has improved their employees’ productivity and innovation capacity. They motivate their employees through provision of medical covers and

Alternative ecocnomic futures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Alternative ecocnomic futures - Essay Example Larson Inc. should hedge itself against any adverse price movements and fluctuations. What Larson Inc. could have done is to buy its inputs in one country and at the same time sells a futures contract for the same amount of input. When the inventory is utilized, the company can buy back the futures contract. The price change occurring during the two transactions will effectively be cancelled by the mutually compensatory movements in the cash and the futures holdings. In this scenario, futures will provide insurance. Larsons Inc. is betting on the correlation between the spot and the futures prices to move together. Another use of alternative economic futures by Larson Inc. can be that of interest rate futures, which will help it to lock the future investment rate. The use of debt to finance its expansion needs and working capital expenses can protect it from any changes in the interest rates. For any anticipated upwards movement in the interest rates, Larson Inc. can buy the futures contract and pay the seller an amount that will be equal to the difference that it benefits from any rate that has been mentioned or committed in the futures contract. Similarly, if the interest rates fall the seller will compensate Larson Inc. at the expiration of the futures contract between the two parties. The foremost advantage is that for an American operation trading of futures in the Chicago Mercantile Exchange is easy. Since Larson Inc.

Top Down Approach To Water Resource Managment

Top Down Approach To Water Resource Managment Ever since the period of Enlightenment, scientists and academics have adopted a top-down approach to managing the environment and its associated resources. The downfall of this persistent ideology is that it solely values or prioritizes professional expert scientific knowledge as a basis for formulating environmental policies and guiding decisions concerning the environment (Smith et al, 2008). The consequences of prioritizing expert knowledge was that the local knowledge and experiences of the surroundings of people at the grass roots level, were not taken into consideration during decision making and was normally regarded as irrelevant (Smith et al, 2008). In the context of water resource management, this approach meant that the policies, plans and programs formulated were technical and exclusively scientific in nature, lacking the dynamics of the social realm and use of social theory (Smith et al, 2008). The technical nature of policies formulated proved to be locally unsustainable and unacceptable because water resource management is an area that deals with a resource that integrates basic human rights and is central to all life (Smith et al, 2008).Some examples of the consequences of this non-participatory approach to water resource management is the construction of large dams for water supply and irrigation which results in the displacement of thousands of intended beneficiaries or how some government have even intentionally used the water policies formulated under this approach, to harm the disenfranchised (Jansky et al, 2005) Along with being purely technical in nature and non-participatory, conventional water resource management approaches focused primarily on the supply of water resources particularly for development and other economically inclined purposes. 2.2 Supply-driven approach It has been recognized that the evolution of water resource management is greatly interconnected with the growth of the worlds population (Al Radif, 1999). Until the end of the 19th century, water resource management was primarily focused on the supply of water to users for agricultural, domestic and industrial uses which proved to be successful throughout the 19th century due to the low population growth during this period. This approach to water resource management known as the supply-driven approach proved successful because the available water resources during this time period were adequate to meet the needs of the population (Al Radif, 1999). As shown in the Figure 1 above, when the worlds population was approximately 2 billion in the 19th century the fresh water ecosystems basically functioned undisturbed as a user, provider of goods and services and a regulator of both water quality and quantity which assumed a sustainable approach was being implemented however, when the population grew to 3 billion over 60 years, the approach was quickly undermined (Al Radif, 1999). This was mainly due to the governments focus on the supply of water resources by diverting water resources from the original stores to new store pathways. The approach to water resource management resulted in the deterioration of water quality, stresses on water supplies and the degradation of water resources (Al Radif, 1999). 3. INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 3.1 Definitions, principles and objectives According to the Global Water Partnership (GWP) 2000, Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) is viewed simultaneously as a philosophy, process and approach which promotes the coordinated development and management of water and related natural resources, in order to maximize the resultant economic and social welfare in an equitable manner without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems (GWP, 2000 as cited by Funke et al, 2007). IWRM is also described as a guiding principle that necessitates the interdisciplinary, participative and strategic approach to managing water resources, stressing the co ordinate interaction between and within both human and natural systems with the aim of achieving sustainable development (Guipponi et al, 2000). Since there is no unambiguous and universally accepted definition the examination of the Dublin principles which form the core of IWRM, allows a clearer understanding of the key issues that define IWRM (Funke et al, 2007). The Dublin principles state that: The worlds fresh water is finite and a vulnerable water resource vital for human survival, development and the correct functioning of the environment. Water resource management should be a participative process involving all users planners and policy makers at all levels. Women play a key role in the management of water resources and therefore should be involved in decision making. Water should be recognized as an economic good. IWRM emerged in response to the sector by sector technical conventional water resource management approaches and is more holistic in that it recognizes the various dimensions of water and accepts that water comprises an ecological system formed by a number of interdependent components, where each component influences the other (Matondo, 2002). This recognition results in management directed to joint consideration of aspects for example water supply, water treatment and disposal and water quality (Mitchell, 1944). While water is a system it is also recognized as a component and therefore its interactions with other systems need to be taken into consideration as changes in one system may have consequences in the other, therefore IWRM is a much broader perspective or approach to managing water resources (Matondo, 2002). IWRM does not only take into consideration the complex interconnections of the human and natural systems, it has even broader interpretations as it considers the interrelationships between water and socio-economic development where the main concern is the extent to which the available water supplies is both an opportunity for barrier against economic development and how to manage the resource to ensure sustainable development (Mitchell, 1944). IWRM compared to conventional water management approaches, recognizes and accepts that water resource planning and management can have physical, social and economical impacts and is therefore multi and interdisciplinary involving a wide range of disciplines such as engineering, economics and social science (Matondo, 2002). The aim of formulating multidisciplinary teams in IWRM is communication to view the various perspectives on water resources to ensure the maintenance of ecological functioning and the conservation of water resources (Al Radif, 1999). 3.2 Bottom- up approach By the end of the 1980s the conventional supply-driven management approach proved problematic and incapable of delivering portable water and proper sanitation especially in developing countries. By the mid 1980s early 1990s, the realization and acceptance of the fact that actions at the grass root level is what makes or breaks policies, resulted in the popularization of a more participatory approach to environmental management termed the bottom-up approach (Smith, 2008). In context of water management, conferences held in New Delhi in 1990, Dublin in 1992 and Rio de Jeneiro in 1992 endorsed community participation which was officially adopted universally as a key guiding principle in sustainable water resource management (Smith, 2008).The 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Jeneiro specifically proposed that local communities should be involved in all stages of decision making with regard to the management of water resources to ensure that decisions made are locally appropriate, accepted and sustainable (Smith, 2008). The concept of involving communities in all stages of decision making such as policy and plan formulation and project and program implementation, were based on the fact that local people themselves are considered experts of their own local environment and therefore their knowledge should be highly appreciated (Smith, 2008). Unlike the conventional top-down approach, the bottom-up approach encourages local people to work together on environmental issues within their surrounding environment which consequently provides capacity building and empowerment opportunity to communities that are able to define their specific needs, wants and aims in relation to local water access and management (Smith, 2008). IWRM encompasses all aspects of the environment namely economic, environmental and social aspects however, the approach pays little attention to the ecosystems role as a provider of goods and services which resulted in the suggestion of an ecosystem-based approach (Jewitt, 2002). 3.3 Ecosystem-based approach Conventional water resource management approaches were typically a command control type of approach in the sense that it aimed to control the hydrological cycle through the construction of hydrological structures to harvest goods and services and produce predictable outcomes (Jewit, 2002). The reduction of ecosystem variation and functioning, decline in the goods and services provided by ecosystems and resilience of the systems were some of the consequences of adopting this approach (Jewit, 2002). The key components of the ecosystem based approach as shown in figure 3 include capacity building, partnership, policy and planning and the assessment of water resources (Al Radif, 1999).The correct functioning of ecosystems such as headwaters, wetlands and floodplains is vital for human survival since society derives a wide variety of important life sustaining benefits and biodiversity from these systems (Al Radif, 1999). In the context of water resources ecosystems regulate water quality and quantity, habitat resources and provide vital information to society (Al Radif, 1999).Additionally, ecosystems are highly complex systems and the exclusion of vital aspects of the system regarding the environment such as ecological functioning during decision making due to the poor understanding of the systems dynamics results in undermined and unsustainable decisions (Jewit, 2002).This lack of understanding and lack of political willingness to accommodate non-quantitative aspects of ecosystem dynamics results in an incapable management system (Jewit, 2002). An ecosystem-based approach to managing water resources is a realization that management systems need to be flexible anticipatory and adaptive to deal with the complexity of ecosystems. The approach is similar to IWRM however the approach prioritizes ecosystem functioning and its related goods and services (Jewitt, 2002). 4. IWRM IN DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Despite the universal acceptance of the Dublin principles which form the core of IWRM, The effective implementation of IWRM in each individual country is dependent on the nature and intensity of the water problems that reside in the country (Funke et al, 2007). The argument put forward by the European Union regarding the five fundamental principles of good governance for the effective implementation of IWRM in each country, is not entirely relevant in developing countries as it is in developed countries (Funke et al, 2007). This is mainly because the situations that occur in developing countries differ on many levels compared to those that reside in developed countries (Funke et al, 2007). The openness, participation and transparency of governance in developing countries are hampered by more factors compared to developed countries such as illiteracy and widespread poverty and mistrust of government leaders (Funke et al, 2007). Lack of budgets and human resource capacities in developing countries create a gap between water resource management and the application of new legislations, strategies and institutions in practice and it is therefore clear that with the uniquely characterized problems that reside in developing countries, the solutions to managing water resources in developed countries will prove inapplicable (Funke et al, 2007). IWRM principles and practices therefore need to take into consideration the local conditions which reside in developing countries such as Africa, if the management approach is to prove sustainable in a long run (Funke et al, 2007). 4.1 IWRM in South Africa South Africa is recognized universally as being at the forefront of adopting IWRM as a water resource management regime (Jonker, 2000). The need for IWRM in the countries stems from climatic, historical and political perspectives all of which differ from developed countries and make the successful and effective implementation of IWRM a challenge (Jonker, 2000).From climatic perspective large parts of the country is water limited due to the low average and highly variable rainfall received in the country. The inequitable patterns of both industrial and agricultural development from a historical perspective and the apartheid social engineering and planning legacy from a political perspective, resulted in the unequal access to and use of water resources and more concentrated water demands in particular areas of the country (Jonker, 2000). An additional challenge to IWRM in South Africa aroused when the citizens of the country took part in a national democratization process and now have the growing need to participate in decision making processes at all levels (Jonker, 2000). This has its benefits challenge although the problems come in when decision makers have to decide the extent to which citizens are able to have an influence on decisions made and the challenge of trade offs (Jonker, 2000). The management approach embraces a multitude of stakeholders in South Africa which include environmentalists, government at all levels, NGOs and local organizations such as subsistence farmers, traditional leaders and women groups (Shculze et al, 2004). The political transformation in South Africa the mid nineties was used as an opportunity by the water sector for formulating new water law policies and a new water act in 1998. IWRM formed the basis of this transformation and both the constitution and National Water Act (NWA) of 1998 make fundamental facilitations for the effective and successful implementation in South Africa (Jonker, 2000). 4.2 The Constitution and National Water Act of 1998 Despite the peaceful political transition to democracy in South Africa, in the context of water resource management, the allocation and management of water resources was still regulated by the 1956 Water Act which is primarily based on the riparian system water rights making no provision for the integration, equity or facilitation for transparent and open decision making, ecological sustainability or the reduction of poverty (Dollar et al, 2010). The inclusion of the concept of sustainable development into the South African Constitution due to the initiation of a water reform process in 1995 resulted in a major shift towards IWRM because the Constitution forms the basis of all policies laws and practices for water management ( Dollar et al, 2010). The values entrenched in the Constitution include equity, the right of access to sufficient water and a healthy environment and thus provides the enabling environment for the formulation and implementation of a new democratic water act ( Dollar et al, 2010). It took over three years for the NWA of 1998 to come into law in South Africa and the NWA recognizes that water is a powerful tool for restructuring society (Dollar et al, 2010). The act encompasses values such as human rights, social justice principles and provides policies and legal frameworks required to ensure the equal, efficient and sustainable supply of water resources (Asmal, 1998). Despite the fact that the NWA does not contain the term IWRM, it encompasses the principles and objectives of the water management approach as set out on the White paper policy document of the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (Jonker et al, 2000). The act also makes noteworthy provisions and fundamental provisions for the effective implementation of IWRM (Asmal, 1998). Some of the provisions include the recognition by the act that water for basic human needs and proper ecological functioning must be taken as first priority before commercial and other water uses, the change from water rights to water-use rights and makes provision for levies to be charged for all major water users for their consumption (Asmal, 1998). This provision was made to ensure equity and efficiency but was met great resistance from the agricultural sector (Asmal, 1998) mainly because the agricultural sector is highly dependent on water resources for irrigation purposes (Schulze et al, 2004). The NWA also facilitates public participation which is one of the core principles of IWRM and stresses that government should involve local communities and all affected and involved stakeholders during legislation and policy formulation, and take their comments seriously however, even though the their catchment is their responsibility government remains the overseer (Schulze et al,2004).Another important provision of the NWA is the focus on the arrangements and establishment of institutions which resulted in a significant shift to more integrated and co operative approaches to water governance and stakeholder participation to ensure IWRM (Asmal, 1998). The act acknowledges that political boundaries prove inappropriate for water management and watersheds are more relevant. Part of IWRM is to ensure that there is equitable use of shared rivers and development cannot occur in isolation, another highlight of the NWA (Asmal, 1998). These provisions in the NWA of 1998 set the foundation for the implementation of IWRM in South Africa however; despite the top quality of the act implantation fatigue occurs due to capacity constraints and other challenges to the effective implementation of IWRM (Asmal, 1998). 5. CHALLENGES TO INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 5.1 Conceptual shortcomings The views of authors regarding universally accepted definition of IWRM provided by the Global Water partnership 2000 as being a hamper to the effective implementation of IWRM (Sherwill et al,2007). One of the arguments put forward is that the definition is narrow, incomplete and unchallenging and that this conceptual shortcoming tempts the water resource manager continue implementing the conventional water management practices and labeling it as IWRM (funke et al, 2007). Some authors argue that for effective implementation, the definition should include allocation to compensate for the inevitable political processes that reshape IWRM. While other authors argue that poverty should be included into the restricted definition the European Union suggests a complete name change of IWRM to Constructively Engaged IWRM Allocation and management which will emphasize the importance of practically implementing IWRM with prime focus on stakeholder involvement (funke et al, 2007). In the context of South Africa, the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF) defines IWRM as a management strategy aimed to achieve the sustainable use of water resources by all affected stakeholders at catchment, regional, national and international levels while maintaining the integrity of water resources at catchment levels. (Schulze et al, 2004). Universally, apart from the conceptual shortcomings of IWRM which hamper its effective implementation, IWRM is first and foremost an institutional challenge that demands institutional capacities for integration which is in short supply (Van de Zaag, 2005). 5.2 Institutional challenges The management of resources and formulations of projects and plans have been fragmented, uncoordinated and implemented in a top-down approach however, according to the Global Water Partnership 2000 one of the most fundamental pillars of IWRM is integrated and coordinated institutional frameworks through which policies, strategies and legislations can be implemented (Funke, et al 2007). The integrative capacity of many countries lie at district level were various government departments such as health, environmental and education participate in implementing multi sector rural development programs ( Van De Zaag, 2005). South Africa on the other hand overrides existing management structures creating a structure alongside but separate from existing structures that are defined by hydrological boundaries and is regarded a waste of institutional resources (Van de Zaag, 2005). The South African NWA of 1998 mandates the establishment of water management institutions resulting in the neglecting of focus on the practical implementation of IWRM (Van de Zaag, 2005). Institutional fragmentation still persists in South Africa because the countries environmental, water and land-use legislations and administrations are administered by separate lines of functions in government ministries (Van de Zaag, 2005). 5.3 Governance and politics Effective implementation of IWRM is regarded as a product of good governance as it enables tradeoffs to be made between competing users for a resource with the aim of mitigating any conflict, enhancing equity, ensuring sustainability and holding officials liable for their actions (Funke et al, 2007). Participative, open and transparent governance plays an important part in forming the framework required for the successful implementation of IWRM. The issue however is that inefficient capacity and inefficient government processes and structures reside in countries with relatively ground democracies such as South Africa (Funke et al, 2007). Governance in developing countries lack the economic technical and human resources to implement IWRM and the challenge of politics and tradeoffs when making decisions regarding the allocation of water resources are unavoidable as they form part of the problem and solution (Funke et al, 2007). With reference to South Africa, after the modification of the countries water law to address post inequities, makes it more challenging for the successful implementation of IWRM in the country (Funke et al, 2007). 5.4 Public Participation Although public participation has been highly valued and recognized as being a fundamental component for the effective implementation of IWRM, there are inevitable problems and complexities that are associated with the process that needs to be taken into consideration (Smith, 2008). The four main problems associated with the process and highlighted by Smith 2008 is tokenism in terms of the degree to which local communities are involved in decision making, myths of regarding the community as a homogeneous coherent and cohesive body, local-level capacity constraints and critical lack of facilitator knowledge (Smith, 2008). The problem of tokenism is that communities are only considered important for the provision of local knowledge regarding their environment and are not involved in important and effectual positions in the different levels of decision making processes (Smith, 2008). This may be due to the unwillingness of government to devolve their power to local level communities. This results in plans and legislations that are locally inappropriate (Smith, 2008). With regard to the community myth, most communities are simplified as cohesive homogenous and harmonious entities with similar interests and goals instead of recognizing it as the complex heterogeneous organizations that they are (Smith, 2008). This fact must be included in management planning. This will then ensure locally appropriate outcomes. Other most problematic elements are the financial capacity constraints mainly experienced by bottom-up projects. Even though the community may be committed towards initiating a project, the essential element is economic material which local communities often lack (Smith, 2008). Therefore where there is community engagement the economic and social capacities needs to be considered (Smith, 2008). The final problematic element is the lack of knowledge regarding the process of public participation held by facilitators resulting in an influential process being facilitated by people without the necessary skills and capacities to initiate community participation initiatives (Smith, 2008). Despite the problems associated with public participation it is essential that the process be appreciated as an empowering, enlightening and sustainable approach to water resource management (Smith, 2008).