Write a 700-800 word advocacy statement (integrating literature) for Essay

Compose a 700-800 word support explanation (incorporating writing) for expressions of the human experience ( advocate for the four expressions disciplines )in youth instruction - Essay Example Wright (2012) advocates instructors to â€Å"raise open cognizance by unmistakably and energetically articulating the interesting and profoundly significant job that human expressions play in recognition and comprehension, and why this is critical for the training of youngsters and the fate of society† (p. 202). In acknowledgment of this, human expressions ought to be given more noteworthiness in preschools and youth focuses in light of the advantages youngsters can get from it. Expressions of the human experience ought not exclusively be utilized as ‘fillers’ after the primary scholarly parts of the educational plan have been finished, however it justifies its own calendar explicitly for youngsters to enjoy it. Epstein (2001) echoes that consideration of craftsmanship in the youth educational program would upgrade different zones of children’s advancement, explicitly in discernment, cognizance, fine engine abilities, language and social cooperation. Exercises, for example, drawing, painting, forming with mud are exceptionally remunerating for them. Wright (2012) battles that kids can without much of a stretch control markers, pencils, pastels, and so forth. With these, they can without much of a stretch clarify things with accuracy and detail. Since they may not be adroit recorded as a hard copy yet, attracting turns into an approach to concretize their considerations on paper. McArdle (2008) clarifies that along these lines, craftsmanship can fill in as a window to the youngster since what one finds in his fine art might be an impression of his thoughts or emotions. Kids take pleasure in melodic encounters. With music, they take part in tuning in, moving, singing and playing/making (Haines and Gerber, 2000; Wright, 2012; Ministry of Education, 1993). They are handily dazzled by melodic sounds and in some cases permit their bodies to feel the mood and they simply move to the beat. It doesn't take extraordinary aptitudes and skills to appreciate music, and everybody, paying little heed to capacity can partake in music encounters, as they are invigorating to the faculties,

Complexity of dual diagnosis treatment Case Study

Unpredictability of double conclusion treatment - Case Study Example osis: Because of an amalgamation of two conclusions, it is frequently hard to set up whether the issue is significantly because of substance misuse, psychological sickness, or both (Australian Drug Foundation, 2013). 3) Complex treatment: The treatment of double analysis comprises of different advances, to be specific, commitment of patient in a medicinal services administration, keeping him/her in administration, mediation, lastly backslide prevention and recovery (Watson and Hawkings, 2002). Significant issues with treatment are protection from treatment/rebelliousness, backslide of one disease prompting resulting backslide of the other, and pharmaco-elements and pharmacokinetics of the endorsed prescription and liquor/sedate influencing one another. Indeed, even ordinary measurements endorsed by the specialist can prompt antagonistic impacts in such situations (Australian Drug Foundation, 2013). Absence of help from society and medicinal services staff is additionally an issue (Graham, 2013).â Sadly, most standard wellbeing offices are unequipped for managing multi-issues like these. Wellbeing professionals and attendants don't have the preparation or the mastery to perceive, explore, and treat these disarranges Disgrace is a social development that outlines individuals based on a specific property, and afterward secludes and mortifies them as a result of that division (Bos et al, 2013). Shame prompts harsh conduct towards the person in question (Goffman, 1963). The marvel of vilification is regular in the field of psychiatry. Since days of yore both mental disease and substance misuse have exclusively been respected deserving of scorn. Disgrace is of a wide range of structures and shows itself from multiple points of view. It can frustrate conveyance of appropriate treatment by human services staff, socially confine an individual, or slow down him/her from uncovering his/her actual issues (shame article). Every one of these impacts bring about postponed treatment when malady has gotten progressed or backslides, bringing about expanded expenses (Biernat and Dovidio, 2000) Since double analysis is

How to Read More Than One Book at a Time Critical Linking, September 10

How to Read More Than One Book at a Time Critical Linking, September 10 Sponsored by Penguin Random House Its the bookworm dream: being able to cruise through multiple books at the same time. I mean, not literally at the same time. But to be like Rory Gilmore, with a bus book and a lunch book and a book of poems when youre in a poetry kind of mood and a memoir for when youre in an introspective space. Just think of how neat and tidy your TBR (to be read) pile would look. But for many of us, the impulse to read more than one book at once is often tempered by the logistics of the whole undertaking. Where do you read your different books? And what? And when? Heres how to become a multi-book reader, according to Reddit. Are you into it? Joyce Maynard, who was wooed as a teenager by the late JD Salinger, has spoken out about how the literary world condemned her as “a predator”. Maynard was 18 when an essay of hers was published in the New York Times, along with a photograph. The piece led the then 53-year-old Salinger to contact her and, as Maynard writes in the New York Times, urged her to “to leave college, come live with him (have babies, collaborate on plays we would perform together in London’s West End) and be (I truly believed this) his partner forever”. Joyce Maynard recalls being labeled a predator, and being criticized for speaking out about her experiences with Salinger. In 1874, Tolstoy’s long-suffering wife, Countess Sophia Andreevna Tolstaya, received a gift from her brother: it was a joke recipe book of all the dishes Tolstaya had developed over the years to satisfy the gastronomic whims of her husband. In the book you can find everything from snippets of conversation at family meals to recipes for turnip porridge â€" there’s even instructions for macaroni cheese à la Tolstoy. Almost 150 years later, the cookbook has finally been translated and republished. It promptly went on my Kindle app and I set about getting an idea of what a 190th birthday party chez Tolstoy would have looked (and tasted) like. Celebrate Tolstoy with a glass of kvass and a slice of Ankovsky pie. Sign up to Today In Books to receive  daily news and miscellany from the world of books. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

Prison Overcrowding A Negative Effect On The Inmates

When a prison becomes overcrowded its intended mission and goal becomes more difficult for the administration to achieve. It can have adverse effects on the lives of inmates, correctional staff, and even cause those released from prison to fall victim to recidivism after release. The objective of this paper is to critically analyze and research this issue in order to come to some conclusions about this issue, and the credibility of the resources used. Overcrowding in prisons has a negative effect on the inmates both during the sentence and even after. The first article I read was â€Å"Contemporary Prison Overcrowding: Short-term Fixes to a Perpetual Problem†. After reading it I took away a very practical understanding of the issue. The reading, although somewhat dry, included causes, consequences, and possible solutions to overcrowding in prisons. I particularly liked one of the presented solutions which was for the federal, state, and local institutions to give more careful consideration during the classification of custody. For example, some inmates are in restrictive custody when their sentence may be better served in a halfway house or on parole. The second article I chose was â€Å"Does Prison Crowding Predict Higher Rates of Substance Use Related Parole Violations?†. This was a more recent article and included many helpful statistics, was easy to read, comprehend, and included multiple angles. The article even included test studies and data charts. The charts showed theShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Prison Overcrowding907 Words   |  4 PagesAnother effect is that prisoners must spend more time inside due to the lack of officers to watch them in the outside areas. This results in less time outside in the fresh air and sunshine for the prisoners which lead to their dissatisfaction; unhappy prisoners are harder to control and more fighting is the result. There is also the problem of watching the inmates so that they have to remain inside their small cells for more time during the day. (Prison overcrowding is a growing concern in the URead MoreOvercrowding Of Prisons And Its Effects On Inmates1389 Words   |  6 PagesOv ercrowding in Prisons In the United States, the increasing population within prisons contribute to the stress regarding the security of correctional facilities’ and the negative effects on inmates. Overcrowding can be defined as a space with a concentrated number of objects or people in a space beyond comfort. According to Verne Cox, PhD, â€Å"as a group of prison researchers summarized, in the 1980s [...] crowding in prisons is a major source of administrative problems and adversely affects inmateRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of Prison Overcrowding1524 Words   |  7 PagesPrison Overcrowding is a topic that isn’t brought up much in the media. However, it’s one that should be addressed more than it is. Overcrowding puts Correctional Officer’s safety at risk as well as the safety of inmates. There must be a way to reduce the number of inmates or possibly build additional prisons. Prison overcrowding has many negative effects ranging from sickness, to even death. The first article I want to discuss is â€Å"Underfunded, Overcrowded State Prisons Struggle With Reform†. OnRead MorePrison Overcrwoding in America and England1234 Words   |  5 PagesPrison overcrowding in the United States is due to many reoccurring charges that is being sentenced to inmates that have been released and returning. As the increasing inmate population is a growing concern in the U.S, many law enforcement agencies and academic expert have analyzed data about the situation and are working to combat it. Research shows that Drugs are mainly to blame. Of the inmates in federal prison as of September 2011, more than half or 50.4% was serving sentences for drug offensesRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of Prison Overcrowding1361 Words   |  6 Pagesmany prison in the United States, but all the prison are being overcrowded by inmates. What is prison overcrowding? Prison overcrowding is exceeding the numbers of inmates and not having enough beds and space for the inma tes (Stohr Walsh, 122). When prison is overcrowded, this means there are less officers in the prisons to take care of the inmates, which becomes a safety concern. Many prisons are over capacity but yet they are still taking in inmates and making the situation worse. Prison overcrowdingRead MoreCan Racial Profiling Be Justified1612 Words   |  7 Pagesyou’re out† law is in effect in different states around the country. In basic terms, the law requires that any offender that is convicted of three violent crimes must receive a sentence of 25 years to life in prison. The law is aimed at reducing crime by focusing on the small percentage of criminals that commit the majority of violent crimes and felonies. Many systems have been lenient with repeat offenders, allowing them to return to a life of crime after short stints in prison. Sometimes, theseRead MoreReduced Time from Prison1440 Words   |  6 PagesTime from Prison Prisons are correctional facilities where offenders are incarcerated as punishment and deterrent from engaging in other criminal activities. It serves justice for victims of criminal offenses and provides a chance for the offender to reflect, and with prison time; they will become better citizens of society. This however, may not always be the case. If an inmate exhibits understanding of good behavior and structure, a prisoner may not serve his or her full sentence in prison. They mayRead MoreProblems With The Three Strikes Legislation1610 Words   |  7 Pagesyou’re out† law is in effect in different states around the country. In basic terms, the law requires that any offender that is convicted of three violent crimes must receive a sentence of 25 years to life in prison. The law is aimed at reducing crime by focusing on the small percentage of criminals that commit the majority of violent crimes and felonies. Many systems have been lenient with repeat offenders, all owing them to return to a life of crime after short stints in prison. Sometimes, theseRead MorePrison Overcrowding And Its Effects On The United States Essay1605 Words   |  7 PagesPer Derek Gilna’s report on Increase in Federal Prison Population, Overcrowding, prisons have become overpopulated throughout a five-year span from 2006 to 2011 (Gilna, page 48). Prison overcrowding has become a plague in the United States for some time now. The US Bureau of Justice Statistics shows more than two-million adults are incarcerated in US federal and state prisons. There are many reasons that prisons are becoming overpopulated but not such a certain cause. To fix the problem, attentionRead MoreIncreased Population of Prisons Essay1606 Words   |  7 PagesOvercrowded prisons and improper punishment systems are enormous social issues for our government. The United States has seen steady growth in its prisons. A projected increment in seen due to â€Å"get-tough† policies that locks up offenders for longer sentences (Ohlemacher, 2007, para. 1). The correction system had been through various phases of transformation, and the government had been tough on crime; this approach had resulted in rising prison populations. There are many factors that cause overcrowding

Law of Cosine to Figure Area of a Triangle

Disney Cruise Free Essays

History Disney Cruise Line is the trading name of Magical Cruise Company Limited,which operates as a subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company. The company was incorporated in 1996 and is domiciled in London, United Kingdom, with their operational headquarters located in Celebration, Florida.The President is Corey Lazaro. We will write a custom essay sample on Disney Cruise or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Disney Magic was the first ship launched by Disney Cruise Line. It began sailing out of Port Canaveral on July 30, 1998. The Disney Wonder was the second ship launched by Disney Cruise Line. It was built at the same shipyard as the Disney Magic, and it was launched on August 15, 1999. It sailed out of Port Canaveral like its sister ship, the Magic. The 4 Disney Cruise Line Ships * Disney Magic * Disney Wonder * Disney Dream * Disney Fantasy Destinations Disney Cruise Lines has selected the most stunning destinations like: Alaska – stops in Sitka, Skagway, Juneau and Ketchikan. California Coast – Los Angeles and San Francisco Bahamas – Nassau Caribbean – Antigua, St. Kitts, St. Lucia, Grenada, Barbados, Grand Cayman, St. Maarten and more. Europe – Greece, Italy, Spain, France, Turkey and Croatia Panama Canal – Cozumel, Cartagena, San Lucas, Puerto Vallarta and Key West. Translantic – ports of call in Spain and Portugal Career Opportunities Hotel Operations * Assistant Dining Room Server * Quick Service Attendant * Beverage Server * Assistant Bartender/Bartender * Galley Steward * Demi Chef de Partie/Commis Chef * Hotel Stores Steward * Custodial Host/Hostess * Pool Deck Service Host/Hostess * Merchandise Host/Hostess * Guest Services Host/Hostess Entertainment Operations * Cruise Staff * Entertainment Host * Guest Communications Coordinator * Youth Counselor * Nursery Counselor * Youth Entertainment Host * Recreation Staff (Lifeguard)-Island * Entertainment Technician * Main Stage and Character Performers * Musicians Marine Technical Operations * Ordinary Seaman (OS) * GP Hotel Maintenance * Wiper * GP Assistant Electrician Human Resources * Manager, Human Resources * Assistant Human Resources Manager * Training Officer * Island HR Coordinator (Castaway Cay) What interests me? What really interests me are the activities and the facilities this cruise line offers that you don’t get from other cruise lines. I think they have good destinations and having their own Castaway Cay is pretty interesting for me. Also they have a lot of activities for family, youths and adults. How to cite Disney Cruise, Papers

Social Media Analytics in Business

Question: Discuss about theSocial Media Analytics in Business. Answer: Introduction Traditionally, banking sector has been a customer-focused industry. The banks strive to establish relationship with the customers to identify their needs and gain trust. However, with times, the need and the relationship of the customers with the banks have changed. The young generation has become more demanding in terms of service and with the onset of digital; their perspective towards the banking or service sector has changed. In the present times, the customers demands have heightened and want prompt response from the companies and want that all their problems and issues should be resolved instantly (Hai-Jew, 2016). In consideration to these changes in the consumer behavior, many financial organizations have initiated to establish their presence on social media. Social media platforms such as Facebook and Twitter have become a part of daily life of the customers; therefore, banks should also focus on engaging customers on different social media channels (Sponder, 2011). The banks are only capable of competing with their competitors and engage with the customers by integrating social media analytics in their operations. Social media offers an opportunity to enhance the consumer engagement with the banking sector. DBS bank has been a pioneer in the adoption of social media analytics in the Asian banking industry. It has several wide range applications and can be used by banks to gain customer insight. Clearly, social media analytics is essential is essential tool in the present business world (SAS Institute, 2011). In this regard, in this report, the growing importance of the social media for business organizations has been discussed. In the report, the case of digitalization of DBS bank has been discussed and recommendations are made so that DBS remains at lead the digital innovation in banking industry. Importance of Social Media in Banking Industry Social media is dramatically changing the consumer behavior and the banking industry. Today, most of the banks have established their presence on the social networking sites. It includes leading bans such as Citigroup, HSBC and NatWest. These banks engage with the customer through Twitter, Google+, LinkedIn and Facebook and posts, attractive content and videos to engage the customers. However, posting updates on these social media websites is not as essential as interacting with the follower, listening to their feedback and distilling meaning out of it (Ganis Kohirkar, 2015). In the previous times, the banks focused on the push strategy to connect with the customers which includes strong advertising methods such as face-to-face interactions, e-mail marketing, advertising and point of sale methods. However, in the recent years, the banking organizations are focused on building two-way mode of communication to engage with the customers to enhance customer trust and loyalty towards the organization. The customer engagement is the process of business communication between a consumer and the organization through different correspondence channels (Finger Dutta, 2014). This form of communication requires a reaction, interaction and a thorough consumer experience. The consumer engagement can be realized at both online and offline platforms. However, in order to create consumer engagement the companies need to identify the consumer need, desire and sentiments. The consumer behavior on social media can give the banking companies can have deep insight related to sentiments and the needs of the consumer (Fu, 2014). Banks can use the information in the social media to identify the impact of the response of one consumer over the purchase behavior of other people, measure the impact of the social media marketing and increase the decision-based marketing. The banks can use the text analysis and sentiment analysis methods to develop insight into the consumer behavior which was previously unknown to them. Meanwhile, the banks should also focus on ensuring that the traditional business intelligence systems are integrated with the social media analytics to increase the robustness of the analytic system. The traditional business analytics system used in banks include dashboards, advanced visualization and direct consumer interaction. When the social media analytics is integrated in analytics strategy, the companies can transform the customer relationship management system. The information from the social media analytics can be used to enhance the insight regarding customers such as their sentiments and wish which leads to informed decision-making for the customers (Ribarsky, Wang and Dou, 2014). The banks can use the gained insight to create pricing models for loans and other financial services provided by banks. The combination of social media analytics in the traditional analytical system will can be used to determine the competitiveness of the prices determined by the organization. Several banks are monitoring the customer conversation on the social media websites and using their recommendations and services to improve the customer services. The social media itself can be used to enhance the customer service as the customer can use their Twitter accounts to retrieve their account information and check their bank balance (Bekmamedova and Shanks, 2014). The social media channels were primarily use for establishing e-reputation and enhancing the brand reputation of the company. However, clearly, social media has more potential in predicting the consumer behavior and the social trends. The banking companies can also use the social media by identifying the fraudulent activities and the possible loan defaulters by their behavior in the social media. The government organizations can also use social media analytics to control money laundering and curb black money. It not only increases the customer satisfaction but also leads to acquisition of new customers (Feige, 2013). Background of the Company and Current Strategy of DBS Bank DBS bank was founded in 1968 in Singapore and presently, has become the largest bank by assets in Southeast Asia. It has established a strong presence in China, Southeast Asia and Asia and its profits are also growing phenomenally. The bank is well-recognized in the international scenario, and received numerous accolades such as Safest bank in Asia and the Best Bank in Asia Pacific competing with the industry leaders such as UBS, Citigroup and Credit Suisse (DBS, 2017). However, previously, its physical presence was much smaller than its counterparts in the Asian countries. In its expansion phase, it tried to achieve the position of largest bank in Asia. The management recognized the high potential of Asian economy and its growing middle-class. It tried to penetrate the Asian market by following acquisition and merger as the expansion strategy. Nonetheless, when a large number of acquisition and mergers failed for the company, DBS recognized that it has to adopt a different strategy to access the Asian market. It also observed the growing trend of mobile banking in the younger Asian generation. In this essence, DBS bank implemented several methods such as building technology platforms, designing consumer experience and implementing mobile banking and e-payment system. Social media was also use to connect with the affluent customers and creating awareness regarding the flexible interest rates offered by the company. Social media can also be used to understand the local culture of a place and implementing successful regional marketing initiatives. The substantial investment in the technological infrastructure has resulted in positive outcomes for the bank. The alignment of the business activities with the IT has made the organization competitive in the digital medium. Nonetheless, there is still a large scope for the organization to make use of technology to increase their productivity. DBS is in early phase of adoption of the social media analytics as it has ado pted social media to predict the consumer behavior (Bloomberg, 2016). Benefits for the Adoption of Social Media in Banks The banks can gain numerous benefits and minimize several risks from adopting social media strategy. With the social media, the banks can create an improved CRM platform for the customers. The banking organizations can learn about the anniversaries, birthdays and other important dates of the customers and use them to offer customized products and services to the customers. The banks can also use the social media to connect the information across the enterprise and analyze their financial strength. The companies can use this information to suggest accurate financial products like mortgage and wealth management. Social media can also be used to communicate with the customers and educating them, regarding new policies and the operational changes (Russell, 2012). It is an interactive method of creating awareness regarding new product launches and examining the consumer reaction. The social media users can raise concern and questions regarding the services. In the social media platforms, the consumers post, like or comment on updates which provide the companies with the general idea regarding the features well-accepted by the customers. The social media can also be used by the business organizations to expand their customer base and penetrate the existing market. The banks can penetrate the geographical locations where they have no physical existence. The company can also adapt their services according to the majority of customers. For instance, it can provide no-frills account opening services to price-sensitive customers. The social media channels also contain information regarding the competitors products which can be used by the companies to examine the needs and the requirements of the customers. The social media analytics can also be used by the company to identify how they can convert the enthusiasts and fans into the advocates of their products. With the implementation of the right social media strategy, the companies can enhance the customer satisfaction by being more prompt to address the customer issues and needs (Potential, 2015). Proposed Strategy for DBS Bank DBS can use social media analytics to create brand awareness and attracting new customers in the geographical locations where it has limited physical presence. In order to increase the customer base and enhance the customer loyalty, the business organizations should personalize their experience with the banks rather than treating them as consumer segments. Traditionally, the banks rely on relationship managers to create personalization element in the banking process. However, the banks cannot follow a single strategy to connect with the customers of all segments. Therefore, to bring some relevance to the bank relationship, consumer segments were formed. The traditional model adopted by the banks was passive in nature. In this approach, the various phases in marketing were realization of need, reaching out to customers and proposing a product. The companies adopt the strategies to optimize the expected returns and reduce the risk. According to the IT Portfolio theory, social media ana lytics comes under the transactional costs which have high returns and low investments. It includes the cost of participating in the market; however, with proper research the risk associated with social media analytics can be reduced (Aaker, 2009). DBS can use predictive analysis theory for the identification of needs and best suite alternative products. At present, the banking organizations require a strategy to create a subset of products towards which the customers will be attracted and personalize it to suit the taste of the individual customers. The predictive analysis can be used to create an algorithm that can determine the products and the services that a customer will seek. Due to the increased competitiveness, the banks can use the active approach to track events in the life of customers, identify the customer needs, create product and propose the product to the customers. The Life events play a critical role in the determination of the financial products. For example, a bank can introduce a new baby saving scheme if the customer registers the addition of a new family member (Chorianopoulos, 2016). The information regarding the life events of a person can be collected through Facebook and Twitter as maximum people use these social media platforms to share the significant aspects of their life. The external events can also be determined by examining the web browsing patterns or the enquiries on social networking sites. The amount of information obtained by the social media websites can be used by the companies to understand the consumer intent and engage them with the organizations products and services. After the identification of the customer needs, a bank can publish auto deals on the social media platforms that a consumer uses. Banks can also suggest adapting the product or adding add-ons according to the consumer interest. In order to increase the sales, the companies can launch time-based coupons or rewards for the customers. The personalization of the product offering includes the personalization of products, personalization of prices and personalization of communication. In the price personalization, the banks should focus on pricing the products attractively so that the customers are com pelled towards the product. The communication message of the advertisement should also be designed in such a manner so that the customers connect with the message rather than sounding intruding or interfering (Corporation Essvale, 2011). Conclusion It can be concluded that the advent of internet and social media has changed the business scenario and consumer behavior. DBS bank founded in Singapore in 1968 is one of the leading banks and recipient of various awards. In order to tap the increased potential of the growing Asian economies understanding the consumer behavior in different nationalities, it can adopt social media analytic. Nowadays, social media has become a part of the daily lives of the customers. Therefore, it can be used to examine their perception, needs and requirements of the consumers. The social media can also be used to increase the customer base and enhance the brand awareness. In this essence, DBS can use predictive analysis to increase their knowledge of the consumers and use it to increase the customer base. It includes examination of various events in the life of the customers and use it to offer the products that best suit their needs and desire. Most of the people use Facebook and Twitter to share the important news of their lives; therefore, they are ideal social media channels to implement the predictive analysis method. References Aaker, D.A. (2009). Brand Portfolio Strategy: Creating Relevance, Differentiation, Energy, Leverage, and Clarity. Simon and Schuster. Bekmamedova, N. and Shanks, G. (2014). Social media analytics and business value: A theoretical framework and case study. In System Sciences (HICSS), 2014 47th Hawaii International Conference on (pp. 3728-3737). IEEE. Bloomberg, J. (2016). How DBS Bank Became The Best Digital Bank In The World By Becoming Invisible. Forbes. [Online.] Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/jasonbloomberg/2016/12/23/how-dbs-bank-became-the-best-digital-bank-in-the-world-by-becoming-invisible/#195e809ee161 [Accessed on: 4 February 2017]. Chorianopoulos, A. (2016). Effective CRM Using Predictive Analytics. John Wiley Sons. Corporation Essvale. (2011). Business Knowledge for IT in Global Retail Banking: The Complete Handbook for IT Professionals. Essvale Corporation Limited. DBS. (2017). About Us. [Online.] Available at: https://www.dbs.com/about-us/default.page [Accessed on: 4 February 2017]. Feige, T. (2013). Social Media Marketing-Analysis of Online presence of Slovak banks. Journal of Systems Integration, 4(3), p.20. Finger, L., Dutta, S. (2014). Ask, Measure, Learn: Using Social Media Analytics to Understand and Influence Customer Behavior. "O'Reilly Media, Inc.". Fu, Y. (2014). Human-Centered Social Media Analytics. Springer Science Business Media. Ganis, M., Kohirkar, A. (2015). Social Media Analytics: Techniques and Insights for Extracting Business Value Out of Social Media. IBM Press. Hai-Jew, S. (2016). Social Media Data Extraction and Content Analysis. IGI Global. Potential. (2015). 7 Reasons Why Businesses Should Adopt a Social Media Strategy. [Online.] Available at: https://www.potential.com/articles/7-reasons-why-businesses-should-adopt-a-social-media-strategy/ [Accessed on: 4 February 2017]. Ribarsky, W., Wang, D.X. and Dou, W. (2014). Social media analytics for competitive advantage. Computers Graphics, 38, pp.328-331. Russell, J. (2012). The friendly financiers: How banks are embracing social media. The Next Web. [Online.] Available at: https://thenextweb.com/socialmedia/2012/03/29/how-banks-are-embracing-social-media/ [Accessed on: 4 February 2017]. SAS Institute. (2011). The transformation of the banking industry: a brave new world. SAS Institute. Sponder, M. (2011). Social Media Analytics: Effective Tools for Building, Interpreting, and Using Metrics. McGraw Hill Professional.

Themes in Heart of Darkness Essay Example

Themes in Heart of Darkness Essay â€Å"Heart of Darkness,† is regarded as one of the best and by far the most talked about novels of Joseph Conrad. The novel is not only read for it s unique settings, a variety of its interesting events, symbolic implications, exploration of ancient traditions but the popularity and literary status of novel owes a great deal to its multi-dimensional themes that have the power and vigor to penetrate deep down into the human psychology. Various critics ever since the publication of the novel have tried to find the real theme of the novel and have interpreted the hidden motives of interpreted Conrad in their style.But the most interesting comment comes from a famous and eminent Critic of the novelist. He says: â€Å"Heart of darkness† is a master-piece of abstract art by majestic painter, each time you look at it, you get a new meaning, different themes appear and reappear to the conscience, and what’s more the stream of thought continues to give food to the soul c ompare to an abstract meaning as every time when we read to find new meaning like abstract painting. There is hardly any doubt about the validity of the above statement. The real charm of the novel lies in its thematic depth. No, doubt, the novel is read about all over the world for its variety of themes; but this is also a fact that â€Å"darkness† evil nature of man is more hesitate theme prevailing in human heart is the most dominating theme of the novel, though there are other visible themes such as selfishness of modern man, inefficiency, imperialism and historical perspective. â€Å"Heart of Darkness† in fact dopiest the darkness of the human heart. The novelist wants to suggest the notion that all the development in the modern world and especially in Europe hasn’t been darkness is present in every man’s heart, and only in Africa able to sweep away the real darkness, ignorance, and brutality. We appear deceptively acceptable in society. The modern civilization has ju We will write a custom essay sample on Themes in Heart of Darkness specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Themes in Heart of Darkness specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Themes in Heart of Darkness specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Breaking Out the Poverty Trap Essay Example

Breaking Out the Poverty Trap Essay Example Breaking Out the Poverty Trap Paper Breaking Out the Poverty Trap Paper Hunger and lack of food are the main factors contributing to malnutrition. Usually, hunger is prevalent in poverty stricken countries (World Food Programme, 2008, â€Å"Breaking Out the Poverty Trap†). Food is very important for nourishment which is needed to survive in the physical world. In underdeveloped countries, undernutrition is passed down from one generation to another. There is a malnutrition cycle of infants being born underweight because their mothers are also undernourished. Then, as they grow old, their health condition continues to deteriorate because of lack of food and as a result they are more prone to physical and mental problems. This malnutrition cycle persists because of unchanging poor social and economic conditions targeting mostly those living below the poverty line particularly women and children (World Food Programme, 2007, â€Å"Winning the war on Hunger†). More so, in the 800 million people who suffer   constantly from hunger, almost nine out of ten of them die because they are overtaken by poverty in urban slums and far away rural areas (World Food Programme, 2007, â€Å"Winning the war on Hunger†). Also, there are about 5 to 6 million children who die every year due to infections that could have been prevented if they were only healthy.   In fact, â€Å"the weekly child death toll from hunger and undernutrition far exceeds those caused by even the most dramatic natural disasters† (World Food Programme UNICEF, 2006, p.15) On the other hand, â€Å"vitamin and mineral deficiencies† are the ill effects of hunger that can also cause blindness, mental retardation and physical handicap. People who suffer from undernutrition have weakened immune system that makes them more vulnerable to diseases such as   malaria, pneumonia, diarrhea and measles. â€Å"A total of 6.5 million children each year and never reach the age of five because hunger leaves them too weak to resist disease† (World Food Programme,2007, â€Å"Winning the war on Hunger†). References World Food Programme. (2008).   Breaking Out the Poverty Trap. Retrieved March 11, 2008,   Ã‚  Ã‚   from wfp.org/food_aid/introduction/index.asp?section=12sub_section=1 World Food Programme. (2007). Winning the war on Hunger.   Retrieved March 11, 2008,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   from wfp.org/policies/Introduction/other/index.asp? section=6sub_section=1# World Food Programme UNICEF. (2006). Ending Child Hunger and Undernutrition   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Initiative. Global Framework for Action, p.15..

Monetary Policy and Economic Crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Monetary Policy and Economic Crisis - Essay Example One of the most important responsibilities for the Fed is that of ensuring monetary stability in the economy, which can be achieved through a combination of stable prices of goods and services across the economy coupled with a low inflation level and level of confidence of the investors in the currency of the country. The Fed comes out with monetary policy in order to ensure a certain key objectives like delivering price stability with a low inflation level coupled with an objective to support the Government's economic objectives of growth and employment. To understand how the Fed monitors price related regulations to keep a check on inflation, we may consider a small example of the regulation of house and property prices. To take any decisions related to interest rates keeping in mind the ongoing inflation rate, the Fed must be thorough with the booming property prices and must take steps to ensure that the prices are not artificial. Government intervenes through its central bank to regulate the prices of many commodities, similarly it also regulates the prices of houses like any other important commodity. Fed has the responsibility to keep a check on asset prices including the prices of houses. ... (Demand and Supply for Housing).Other reasons behind a change in property prices can be Mortgages. A mortgage is the money borrowed to buy a house, as for most people buying a house is not easy. Over the years mortgage market has picked up greatly and the current scenario is totally different from the one that existed in the beginning. Mortgages were supplied only by the building societies. Building societies were non-profit institutions and encouraged only the members for the grant of loans, so the people who were members and had contributed to an extent for a considerable period of time got loans easily and account with building societies became the only means to get mortgages. Soon these societies had to compete with the banks and other financial institutions specialized in granting housing loans. This price war resulted in a greater demand for owner occupied houses and consequently the demand for houses grew stronger, resulting in a substantial increase in price. (The UK Housing Market - Factors Influencing the Housing Market: Mortgages) Besides the above-mentioned factor of mortgages there are other factors like stamp duty and planning that affect the market for housing. Mortgage interest relief at source (MIRAS) was a tax concession to owning a house. It reduced the house owner's liability to income tax as the money spent on the interest on mortgage was considered to be tax-free. This made borrowings cheaper and as a result there was a huge demand for housing and the prices shot up. With the introduction of MIRAS in 1990 many people were exempted from stamp duty. (The UK Housing Market - Factors Influencing the Housing Market: Stamp Duty and Planning) The central bank sets a fixed interest

Why white-collar crimes are committed (criminology theory) Essay

Why white-collar crimes are committed (criminology theory) - Essay Example Edwin H. Sutherland coined the term "white-collar crime" in 1940 and his theory states that white-collar crime occurs because of exposure to other white-collar criminals, called the Differential Association Theory. This holds true today, although theories of criminology have been broadened and made more complex due to the advent of new technologies that enable new kinds of white-collar crime. Still, Sutherland's theory seems to make the most sense in terms of why white-collar crime has become so prevalent. The simple pain vs. pleasure theory also applies, to a point. White-collar crime is often committed through a systematic deployment of certain transactions, either personal or electronic, that shifts assets from one place to another (the white-collar criminal's hands). If we look at the more common views of white collar crime that have come to public attention in recent years, we can start with Ford Motors in the 1970's; three young women were killed in an accident involving a Ford Pinto; it was found that the gas tank feeder tube in the trunk was in a vulnerable position and prone to explode upon impact in a rear-end collision. Ford saw that re-fitting the tubes would increase the production cost of each car by about eleven dollars, so the company refrained from making any changes for seven years; finally, Ford was forced to recall the cars (W. Sue Feinstein, 1996). This would be one profile of white-collar crime: negligence with the motivation to retain profits. In this case, the victims were the 500 or so people who died as a result of the defective gas feed tubes. In addition to the Differential Association theory is the Self Control Theory Of Delinquency, also applied to white-collar criminals. Defined as "acts of force or fraud undertaken in pursuit of self interest" (Gottfredson and Hirschi, 1990, p. 15), one can see where the Ford crime fit within this theory, the corporation being the "self" in self-interest. A look at the famed S&L scandal in the 1980's is an example of how white-collar crime affects the economy. The basic chronology of events began when deregulation enabled S&L corporations to lend money to themselves. In 1980, the FDIC insurance was raised from $40,000 to $100,000. While there were several factors that doomed the S&L industry, such as fixed interest rates on home loans and sudden inflation. The most notorious white-collar criminal involved in the S&L failures was Charles Keating of Lincoln Savings in Irvine, California. He allegedly duped customers into buying "junk bonds" and extracted $1 million from Lincoln Savings in anticipation of the company's collapse, which happened weeks later (Wikipedia). All convictions were later overturned through plea-bargaining and other legal maneuvers, and Keating maintained that the blame for the downfall of Lincoln Savings was with the government regulators and not his actions. This act of white-collar crime fits the bill for both theories named above; Keating was acting in self-interest without regard for the well being of Lincoln or its customers. Of course, we cannot overlook Enron. The story is complex and frightening with the implications for the

Examining The Structure Of Bollywood Focus Media Essay

Examining The Structure Of Bollywood Focus Media Essay In the literature review the topic of Bollywood Focus is a structure the clear idea for answering research question analysis In this project. That what the Bollywood focus the subjectivity? What speciality in it ?. Further each and every topic demonstrates how the Bollywood exposes and fit into research questions and how socially the movie RDB constructed with critical implementation of spectatorships. The literature review of this project will describe the production of Bollywood and it composes the story and subject ethical values. The project is interestingly makes analysis of Bollywood from past to present contemporary world. Further the research analysis of each topic is research from the reference of books, web articles, movies. This project motivation is First to shows and interesting study of Bollywood industry. how it specially dominates and maintaining it value in global level. Like to describe Bollywood reputation and interesting facts of Indian culture, traditions. Of cou rse my special interest in cinema studies especially Bollywood movies how it reach in global level by its construction. And to focus the Bollywood subjectivity into social and political contexts in it. The topic of Narrative analysis and discussion of Bollywood in melodrama, how the story constructs and conveys the subjectivity and ideology of Hindi movies captivating in past to present with movies by example of social family values, the style. And in second topic of Bollywood focus the differentiation realistic and commercials movies, it describes the how Bollywood in narrating the story of in mode of realistic and commercials masala style. What i film personalities and audience view in the commercials and realistic movies in Bollywood. Which is important method to take Bollywood in global methodology? Which is essential and most fascinating among audiences and best method realistic is or commercial (masala) movies? This reaches to global level audiences and further the topic structures into focus and motivates ideas for research question and answers to find the what the ethics of Bollywood reputatio n among global audiences are. next topic will about Bollywood reputation among global audiences how the Bollywood raise its ethics? How the globalisation slowly impacts the trend and analysis of global audience view in Bollywood. And researching the how Bollywood fascinated among global audiences by constructing the cultural identity. The last topic of this literature review is about film Rang de basanti RDB(Paint it saffron) which is perfect and fit to research analysis for the project theme and structures the answers for research question analysis of Bollywood in social and politically exposed in realistic approaches how the movie entry into global debate. The movie RDB clearly constructs the ideology of Bollywood into its international level. In overall this last topic will be study about movie values and methodology. The classification of theory in institution mode of representation(IMR) into Bollywood concepts are ethical values in social and political values. The topic is just a analysis of film contexts qualitatively and discussion and argument of realistic issues methods. So in overall conclusion will quotes the brief ideas about contemporary Bollywood into social and political contexts by its ideology the rest chapter about research methods will be answering the questions in analysis of literature review and clearly mentioned its formation of subjectivity and analysis of IMR applying in the RDB with one film sequences and applying of concepts and theorys like Discourse analysis in denotative and connotative approaches. How the movie RDB communicate to audiences and reputation In Bollywood. And in last chapter will contains the conclusion of Bollywood in global level and analysis of social and political values. Thus the literature review motivates and helps the research methodology answers an d interestingly to demonstrates Bollywoods values in international Markets. Let us see the analysis of literature review topics discussions and authors arguments about Bollywood before analysing research methods. 2.2 BOLLYWOOD FOCUS From past Bollywood is focused on commercial Masala films for increase the economical status and social contexts entertain audiences with songs, masala and stunt sequences. Author M.Prasad suggests that Hindi movies structures it ethics into cultural spectrum into social and political contexts. The speciality of Bollywood is content of stunt, dance, traditions and social values. The significance of historical factors and Post colonial and nationalism is main core of Ideology in Bollywood (1998). The Indian audiences in Bollywood is mostly very emotional and very much tempted to film and films stars such like they involved in star promotions, star clubs. Most of films from Bollywood is represents the institution mode of idealization and male gazes with showcase of female gaze by glamour and there is shade of dramatically contexts. The promotion of movies, Ad-banners, posters in wall ,advertising and product ambassadors of stars, which emancipates and makes the feel to Citizens about t he movies in culture of India (Rangwala, 2007). Interestingly to say Author Umesh Gupta a vice president of whistling woods Film school has analysed a Bollywood into the musical culture that I accept the authors arguments The familiar way of Human values and emotions is reason of life The popular culture of India people in society for expressing excitements or to mourn Indian peoples use to consume music and songs. Author Gupta mention that is music in Bollywood to refresh and boost audience mind which keeps you hale and happy and songs are effective pattern process and otherwise it is vague important for vanish of emotional story. Furthermore author pointing that in Society of India the culture and social subjects are strongly effective and exposed in Hindi films. In dramatic condition of story music and dance are Become essential content in Bollywood. of course that is the progress of Hindi movies ideology (2011). The ethnicity is somewhat structured and it qualitatively theorised in the perspective manner. The focus Bollywood is attracts the audience and makes them entertain with songs, dance. And the thing is to say the Bollywood dance is the famous. Author states The paradoxes of Hindi movies is a fragile and keeps you mind refreshing and active method. The concept and narration of movie will focus into many stories which will compose and arise into many characters but not real. The classical narrative films in Bollywood are in gender and race spectatorships in 1940s to 60s. In India there is very much bad beliefs in Hinduism and the worst religious beliefs in Hinduism targeting female theories. Now we are saying that child abuse but in early in India there was child marriage in Hinduism which the marriage is been soon done by age of 12-15 for both genders ridiculous factors. And sathi it means if husband dies in Hinduism the women to will be burnt with husbands dead body. These are worst s entiments and beliefs in Hinduisms. And the movies against religion aspects of Muslims and Hindus. This is because of psychological behavioural beliefs and sensitive of people in religion in India. (Bose, 2006. If we see Bollywood films in early the star on male gaze is mostly structured in dramatically and postcolonial period. The classical narrative films that time create the social and cultural context in society. And also the films like Mother India, Mughal -e- azham and Gandhi are some films which make revolutionary and classical narrative melodrama. The stars and sequences will create an emotional impact of films. The spectatorships for films and media are promotions of social and political awareness. If we see Bengali film industry mostly all films are in melodrama and focus the low class society and realism in the movie. The noted and famous director Satyajit ray films the stories will be targeted the poor society and the films are artistic type. And he was the first Indian director nominated for Oscar by his direction ethics .Institution mode of representation in Bollywood films are very much structured and consumed foreign products nothing other than Hollywood (Hayward, 2006). The domain role of international affairs in India in early time is assumed and consumed in Bollywood till now. The consistency of Bollywood films in early time was very much criticised in modernistic values. The melodrama films that time is very much involved social spectatorships and ideology of making own style in Bollywood. Then after rajkapoor films the Bollywood makes it style into bit commercial fictional type of films means commercial cinemas (Bose, 2006). Even though there is story the star makes their own identity style in films. (Virdi, 2003) says about Bollywood That feminism is been slowly attracts with glamour sexuality to theorise the subject of voyeurism and male gaze. The India which the films mostly rely on the melodramas in early because of political consistency and British leave in India at 1947. The films mostly exposure of patriotism and slogans in films like Bharat ma ki jai, jai hind. So the films storys against British rule movement and making awareness about patriotism. And mostly the subjectivity is historical construction to structure the ideology in Bollywood industry. So (Bose, 2006) explains the perfection and describes about how Bollywood makes its nationalism and social reforms and formulas implemented and manipulated in Bollywood. The topic interestingly describes the Bollywood cultural critics and ethics of movie values and personalities from past. How the politics influenced from Bollywood pre and post independence. How the Bollywood synchronize and analyse the audience and brief historical construction from past. The source of (Bose 2006) gives the idea about Bollywood industry into social and political construction for this research project. Further from analysis from this project focus on the narrative and melodramatically ideas and perceptiveness of Bollywood in global level. NARRATIVE, MELODRAMA OF BOLLYWOOD The films of melodramas are mostly on based on true realistic Storys and incident and some of them are most controversial. The spectatorships is based on mythological and true narration that time. But now slowly the narrative style into commercial Masala likes presentation of films and dialogues delivery from stars The body language of stars and performance is very praised by audience that time. The films that in mid 80s are targeted the male gaze and spectatorships. But if we notice in deep concentration the performance will be mostly inspired from Hollywood casting style. The theory of classical narrative in Bollywood is very much modified and changes into global perceptiveness because of audiences preferences. Spectatorship of Bollywood industries are the realistic film subjects and exposure of sensibility and personal appetite in this space, from one person to another and screening to another of various films response to each film in the space of cinematic experience in ambiguity . It is often difficult to grasp the relationship between the expressive and the narrative way of explaining any films. Let us consider Bollywood movies, wherein it is assumed that song sequences depict the expressive function whereas either the picture or the dialogues depict the narrative part (Hsu). According to Gregory Booth (2000), The music scenes of the Hindi cinema visually and verbally express that which Indian social norms would otherwise define as in expressible. it looks like Booth is readily bridging the gap between film aesthetics and Indian social reality. in this assertion the spectatorship of the Bollywood movies how we comparatively varies the non music and music scenes in the films are subsumed and socially contexts in mediating role(2000). The melodrama is the essential in Bollywood those days. Most of movies is song are narrative and montage shots which is meant by symbolic shots we say is mostly structured in Bollywood. The contradiction of melodramas are with some commercial elements is somewhat creating emotional impact to audience in from past but now it different the movie mostly follows the feminist and western theory. For example Mehboob khan who took the mother India a classical narrative films have been change the Bollywood film industry into realistic and classic art type films with the story is about revolutionary and poverty in India. The story focus on the Radha (Nargis) who is struggling from political influence and economical situation of family and revolutionary during independence time.. in early margins actress was fascinating and everlasting in Bollywood films and mostly attracted by audiences. The is sketching of narration is working good and punctuated in some gruelling parts in the dance concepts in Bollywood movies. In post colonial India from rapid transition period of early 19 centurys the Mother India is melodramatic All times and Directors magnum opus. The conveying of tradition, family, patriotism and love is most importance and enthusiastic in south Asian cinema. The movie focus about struggling of Peasant family rich and vivid in Indian arts natures and the musics framed into it. The movie Mother India is melodramatic in Indian cinema all time. The movie three hours will treat you one of best movie in Indian cinema ever made and its too demanding among audiences in Bollywood for those who passion in cinema theorys. According to Bollywood industry The ethnicity contexts are very much remorseless in some religious aspects in melodrama if we see like to say that in French cinema in mid and present period of time the modernization and French revolution is increase of modernism which is manipulated in melodrama. Early the narrative and melodrama which is targeted on feminist theorys such as focusing on women sentiments beliefs and some social evolutions. The popular culture and consumer culture which is mostly would attract the audiences. During the Second World War 1950s the cinematic melodrama is noted and preoccupied Bollywood makes an attempt to sense of modernism and spectatorships and family subjectivitys (M.Prasad, 1998). The modernization and social and political contexts are well said in Bollywood narrative films. For example film Jodha Akbar this historical and romance narration film in 16th century is about a Mughal emperor Akbar (Hrithik Roshan) who is in love with Jodhabai (Aishwarya Ra i) Hindu girl and raj put princess gave birth to marriage and love and political aspects in the country and rule between both religious communities. In this three hours narrative film the spectatorships of cultural and modernism and realism is well structured and criticized. This narration film perfectly sketches the male gaze in absolute and traditions of cultural dominance and also classical narration with songs. The movie is directed by Ashutosh Gowariker director of Lagan and swadesh which is very much criticized and the three of his films mostly focus on narrative spectatorships about Indian cultural and traditions. And the music narration is by academic award winner A.R.Rahman which is everlasting classical music in films. The music which brings out the patriotism, religious aspects and the cultural dominancy in three of the films. So narrative films in Bollywood are mostly structured with songs in perspective manner. REALISTIC AND COMMERICAL (MASALA) MOVIES The Masala (Mixed of spices) film is the most mainstream films not only Bollywood mostly attracting audiences through songs, dance, comedy and love. This is because the audiences psychological impacts and development of business consistency and contexts and also huge hit of success and super dooper hit . For example I like to say that movie which makes high debate among audiences in India Dilwale dulhaniya le jayenge (directed by Adyta chopra and produced yash chopra stars is Shahrukh khan, kajol and amrish puri the movie is still in running in theatre due to fabulous songs and romantic love story. This films has not only in India also has mega hit reach in global level. Which makes a high level income not only from production side also it attracts the whole Bollywood industry. Not only Dilwale dulhaniya le jayenge but also movies like Kuch kuch hota hai, lagaan are some famous Bollywood movies which is mostly attracted to global audiences. The team of yash chopra, aditya chopra and Shahrukh khan are structured to mass audiences after the huge hit of these films . Not only in film production also has music production had the songs reached to global level (Sarkar, 2008). The music of this film has become like a national anthem for audiences the period of time in 90s when the film releases. The movie breaks records in Bollywood industry. But realistic films like Black, Taare zameen par, are also some movies which also become good response from audiences. (Nita, 2007) Author mentioned that But hypothetical to say about audiences psychological statement about movies. Most of Bollywood audiences have passion on commercial masala films because of cultural identity. So most of films directors like Karan Johar, aditya chopra and many more rely on the commercial elements in films for making good movies in Bollywood also for development of business and make cultural and social contexts in India . Realistic movies is nothing but a movies which has social message with value of story which characters is feels like normal costume and shade of some real feel in it. For example if we see directors Shyam benegal, sanjayleela Bansali , Ashutosh gowariker or Madhur ba ndharkar films are mostly 90 percentage of realism is structured in it. The voyeurism is very much claims and recognized and criticised in the both gender spectatorships in their films. But the narrations of films are mostly through songs. The half percentage of story is narrated through in songs in some of both realistic films and commercial masala films. And in commercial cinema mostly the art direction which is production design is highly expensible set in the Bollywood movies. The panoramic Indian Bollywood cinema slowly changing its ethic into global casting in commercial cinema is targeted on the both gaze of audience. Interesting factors about a Bollywood Author Madhava Prasad states in the book ideology of Hindi movies analysed the consumption of audience that Mostly realistic films in Bollywood are much idealized into classical methodology but present it is modifying and manipulating into global debates. The realism in Bollywood is also has 10 percentage of commercial aspects in some Bollywood films such like a songs sequences or comedy. For example if see In Film Fashion directed by Madhur bhandharkar was very much portrayed in realistic with commercial element songs. The story is about a girl who entered has passion and ambition to become a miss world entered into fashion industry and how she was coping well into industry, like her struggle, happy and sad in this industry falls in love with designer and models and how she overcome from chaos and succeeds. This story focuses into realistic happening in fashion industry and targets the real characterization of women in fashion industry with melo dious songs and romance in it. I would like to say that Hindi movies are mostly rely on songs, music into narrating of story. It is commercialistic identity of Indian cinema that audiences preferred in it. This is because comparatively like to say about mostly our mythological tales like Mahabharata, Ramayana Hindu mythology tales there is commercialism in the mythology tales. As a present generation we dono whether there is a Real tales about Rama (god) is there fall in love with sita (Goddess) and villains like Ravana a villain character who traps the goddess and Rama as protagonist who saves his wife sita (godess) depict as heroine and destroy villain from tale which happened a decade ago before 1000 BC. But it is true. Tale categorise of Sad, happy, love and of course lyrics of good classical music in it such as praising love a divine and praising hero like that. Still hindu people has superstious beliefs the story and depict the chareters as a god. (Virdi, 2003) So commercialism is categorised from early of generation so this strategy rule is followed in Hindi cinema till now like hero falls in love with heroine and romantic imagination songs and fights with villains character like Ramayana tale . But realistic movies have different opinions in it. The feminist theory in Bollywood is mostly in voyeurism of female spectatorships in the Bollywood representation and spectacle. From Early Rajkapoor to Amitabh Bachan the commercial is very much structured into high level spectatorships to audiences consistency (Virdi, 2003). But most of the movies in Bollywood if we see the most essential and importance given to male gazes such as Hero is the only man to do extraordinary things and attracts opposite sex heroines by his heroism, body language, costumes and he fight for her and saves from villain. The male dominance is very much focused in major Bollywood films not only Bollywood all Other Indian cinema too. Most of Hindi commercial films are based on the imaginative spectrum of ideology. States about realistic movie in Bollywood that in a website UTV motion pictures Producer Mr Ronnie screwala states that The stars like Shahrukh Khan, Amitabh bachan, Saif Ali khan will modifies into different scenario opinion and options together sensed About a movies would have its good promotions and response would work in the box office.meanwhile the other Bollywood celebritys reluctant and looking forward for formula movies but at present the innovative aspects like scripts pull the audiences to the movies by thier promotions for example the option of choosing the scripts makes Shahrukh, amitabh bachan, Abhishek special kind of work involvement (Singh, 2006). so obviously thats the Idea and shaping the audience mind to see what the newer things and aspects. but major players are in motive of making money instead making good films targeting international markets making commercial movies not real movies so the stars are not willing and less courage to do innovative script like this. so the star value does the good ethics from past but now Bollywood is slowly changing. Due to decreasing of view on scripts and most film personalities didnt have the potential aspects going beyond the realistic approaches and bit fear to do a innovative good real cinema so they indeed of making formula commercial masala movies. so There is no any strong impacts or real cinema from previous directors so they are involved in making a commercial masala movies and star value movies and of course It is very easy to get casts and crews directors, producer who are focusing on cultural and fictional movies. so audiences are obvisolly focusing on this tasteful manner.Th e present things slowly changing towards to making good realistic movies and Bollywood industry had developing in into many revenues and from international markets from present conditions. so the things like long conerversation and presentation and performance of stunts , dance have slowly modified into a innovative screenplay. The realistic things are appreciated in movies.. So from analysing this qualitatively the producer speech that his view about audience is very much obliged to Bollywood industry it seems. And his taste of realistic movies in Bollywood like how oringality is been sketched in the Bollywood films and how star have been coordinate and opinions on the realistic movies. There is strong social message in Bollywood realistic movies which has the view about contexts of socialism and voyeurism of both gender spectatorships represents in hindi films. But some producer will prefer commercialisms in Bollywood because of to increase the economical status and revenues by producing commercial Masala films with production star value films for example films has big star in it and has generically value of songs, stunts and punch dialogues from stars and songs location aboard like Australia, America. And most of the producer will dependent on stars and produce high budgets films to increase financial status and trade in Bollywood industry. this is fro m early to present generation (Sarkar, 2008). But in current generation it slowly modifying and developing and films focused on originality storys and stars like Amir khan, Shahrukh Khan, Abhiskek Bachan come forward for realistic films and taking Bollywood into international level. But major of audience in India still have a passion on commercial cinema but it bit modifying. In my opinion both commercial and originality is cinema is important. of course We should take any originality storys into commercial we because there should be independent identity for every films. So overall conclusion the real and commercial films in Bollywood is hypothetical judgement from audience and Bollywood should focus on realistic movies and Indian government and directors and Bollywood celebritys should come forward in production of good realistic films not only in Bollywood also in Indian cinema. So next we are going to see about cultural identity of Bollywood cinema and in India with example one movie analysis related to theme and feminism portrayals and cultural identity analysis and research in Bollywood films with social contexts. 2.4 GLOBAL BOLLYWOOD AND ITS AUDIENCES The Bollywood has the individual reputation among other cinema in not only in India also in global level. The Bollywood has some high influence and passion among some global audiences by its identity of culture, genre, particularly songs, dance and celebritys in it. The perceptiveness of global audiences was very much structured in the commercial spectatorships of Bollywood films. Bollywood has massive global audiences particularly for music. So these types of quality films show the Bollywood into global reputation among audiences such like value of stories and songs. And mostly songs, dances reach the Bollywood into global level. I would like to Thank Mr Danny Boyle director of film Slumdog Millionaire which makes a Indian music director Mr A.R.Rahman to win 2 Oscars and take an Bollywood industry into global level. The songJai ho reach to global audiences to win Oscar. The movie which is nominated to oscar second time was Lagaan2001 which makes Bollywood into excitement the story f ocus on british rule in India. Then Movie Devdas2002 high budget film in Indian films which is romantic melodrama. Here to know that RDB is the movie entered the Golden globe award in year 2006. This is first individual mainstream movie to golden globe awards. This is really proud of every Indians. And A.R.Rahman is first Indian music director to get an academy award in India. The Bollywood is very much focused on international market to develop its social and economical contexts. Not only Bollywood movies also the celebritys and personalities who is reaching global films for example Indian actresses And yesteryear miss world Mrs Aishwarya Rai Bachan who acted in many foreign films like pink panther, Pride and prejudice and Mr Ben kingsley a British actor who acted in film Gandhi . So these international exchange are some examples how Bollywood reaching into global level. Bollywood is slowly modifying and changing formulas and entering into global level market and in many film festivals and awards. Majorly, Indian film industry especially the Bollywood has immensely developed the production rate value. Also the depth in value of the film has been depticatedly improved parallel to the cinematography and the box office. The popularity among the Indian cinema has been dramatically improved within the film industry that let to the pride which is clearly visible in the U.S and in Europe. As for the above, the movie business is rapidly changing by the Hollywood which is having an economical change towards the film industry. The current cultural globalization is the revrse process that leads to the formation of a wuality Bollywood industry and the context so its now just one way traffic. In the Indian film industry the economical trading market was embedded in the west as the values were derisive, additionally that made way to the maximum profit in the Bollywood industry worldwide. In the business i.e., the cinematic trade has some tricks to be followed which may makes gain or lose some value. In overall global Bollywood trade the UK and US has the good response in Hindi movies industrys. We can say it is because of passion those who have cultural heritage and sharing. And in 19th century and present century most of Bollywood films are shooted and taken in London, Australia , America the films like Salaam Namaste, taken in Australia, Story about a couple and My name is khan in America and many more. So this shows how Bollywood influence into international criteria and its contexts. Even the culture in Bollywood movies to change into western cultural debates by most of English dialogues, costumes, lifestyle. So this shows relationship among global audiences. and in TV programme about international market in Bollywood about that I strongly to say Bollywood is slowly changing into global audiences by titles, by English lyrics and songs. For example 3 idiots, Blue and My name is Khan which is best to recognise for international audiences. And also songs in western culture and English lyrics in it. Karan johar the director of My name is khan is the director to involve global culture in Bollywood cinema and his most of his movies will shooted in America, Australia. His movies mostly rely on western culture. Not only karan johar from all directors in Bollywood focusing on international audiences to have high consumption of international market to take Bollywood into global level audiences. So this shows the exposure of how Bollywood have been structured into global level markets and audiences. The Bollywood has the special focus of cultural identity and patriotic contexts in movies like said before topics. In this topic the going to see analysis of how the Bollywood structures the cultural and patriotic diplomacy with analysis of one film and a discussion of one sequences and with institution mode of representation and spectatorships and comparatively research and analyse the film with any one or two films. And overall film contexts and research how the film reaches to global level. Most of moral is structured cultural and patriotic films in Bollywood. But the American culture (Americanization) which makes the in major young peoples in Mumbai and many states in India into deep controversial and conflicts things for Example if we our Indian culture in olden days. The traditions of India like Mumbai, Delhi, the female is mostly family oriented and dependent on male spectatorships for example the dress codes are chudithaar, sarees, pyjamas. But its totally changing now into A merican and global culture (Pendukar, 2003) . The social contexts in India are very much pleasant even after the independence after British rule in India. The author Bhaskar sarkar analysed the cultural Bollywood in journal of Melodrama of globalization in cultural dynamics that time the culture was very much structured into socialistic and communistic and patriotic contexts. The female and male both gender has the respective mode and represent the best aspects and contexts in 70,s 80;s and 90;s but present generation it is totally change into American culture and globalization. I strongly to say the Americanisation and Hollywood representation is very much effective and dominant into Bollywood (Sarkar, 2008). This is due to exchange of international perceptions, and many socio economic developments. Mostly IT (information technology) industry has involved in every affairs of Indian culture, consumer and popular culture and its dominant and change and strongly dominant to many aspects. Such as now present generation both male and female a

Capacity Contract Law

Question 1(i) Phing, 17 years old daughter of a wealthy businessman is currently studying at a University College at Kelana Jaya. She bought a luxury car Audi R8 worth RM 900,000. The car has now been delivered but she is unable to payfor it. Firstly, Phing is a 17 years old teenager which also known as minor. Minor is a person who legally underage; who has not yet attained the age of majority, and which are denied the ability to fully and freely contract. In Capacity of Section 11 define a person who is of the age of majority, sound mind and is not disqualified from contracting under any law.Age of majority is recognized as above 18 years of age as stated in the  Age of Majority Act 1971. Below are similar with the case, which case 1: Ryder v. Wombwell (1868), the defendant, an infant, having an income of only 500 Pounds per year was supplied a pair of crystal, ruby and diamond solitaries and an antique silver goblet. It was held that these things could not be considered to be nec essaries. It was observed that certain things like ear rings for a male, spectacles for a blind person, or a wild animal, cannot be considered as necessaries.For another case which case 2: Mohori Bibee v. Dharmodas Ghose (1903) the plaintiff, Dharmodas Ghose, while he was a minor, mortgaged his property in favour of the defendant, Brahmo Dutt, who was a moneylender to secure a loan of Rs. 20,000. The actual amount of loan given was less than Rs. 20,000. At the time of the transaction the attorney, who acted on behalf of the money lender, had the knowledge that the plaintiff is a minor. The plaintiff brought an action against the defendant stating that he was a minor when the mortgage was executed by him.Held mortgage was void and inoperative and the same should be cancelled. In the Phing case, she is unable to pay for luxury car Audi R8 which is already delivered to her. Under the Sale of Goods Act (1979) Phing is against the section 32 of the Act goes on to say that unless otherwis e agreed, delivery of the goods and payment of the price are concurrent conditions. This means that the seller shall be ready and willing to give possession of the goods to the buyer in exchange for the price, and the buyer shall be ready and willing to pay the price in exchange for possession of the goods.However, before look on the section 32 of the Act we also have to refer the Section 3(2) of the Act. Under this section, necessaries are defined as the goods are suitable to the condition in life of the minor or other person concerned and to his actual requirements at the time of sale and delivery. â€Å"Necessaries† are things which are essential to the existence and reasonable comfort of the infant. Luxurious articles are excluded. Thus, what may be termed as necessaries depends on the nature of goods supplied as well as the infant’s actual needs.In the next case which case 3: Fawcett v Smthurst (1914) the court ruled that a minor is not bound by a contract for the hire of a car, although it was a necessary service, as the contract included the terms which make him liable for damage to the car ‘in any event’, whether or not the damage in his fault. Where there is a binding contract for necessaries, the minor is only bound to pay a reasonable price for them. Next case is relevant with luxury cases, case 4: Chapple v. Cooper (1844) a minor whose husband had recently died contracted with undertakers for his funeral.She later refused to pay the cost of the funeral, claiming her incapacity to contract. The court held her liable to pay the bill. The funeral was for her private benefit and was a necessary as she had an obvious obligation to bury her dead husband. In the next, case 5: Nash v Inman (1908) a Cambridge undergraduate, the son of an architect, was supplied with clothes, including 11 ‘fancy waistcoats’, to the value of $122. The cloth could be appropriate to the station in life of the undergraduate, but the contra ct was not enforceable because the minor was already adequately supplied with clothes.Therefore clothes supplied by the tailor could not be classified as necessaries. As conclusion, in the Phing case, she is only a minor and not has any income when she was studying, therefore, the luxury car may not be the necessaries for her. In conclusion, Phing buy luxury car Audi R8 contract is void, she is not obliged to accept and pay any damages. Question 1(ii) In this case, Phing is a 17 year old student bought a Myvi as a transport to travel back and forth from the college. In the element of contract, Phing is already against with the capacity section 11.In section 11 of capacity say that â€Å"Every person is competent to contract who is of age of majority according to law to which he is subject, and who is of sound mind, and is not disqualified from contracting by any law to which he is subject. † It means that the following three categories of persons are not competent to contract . The position of a minor is a person who has not attained the age of majority is a minor. Section 4 of the age of majority, the minority of all males and females shall cease and determine within Malaysia at the age of 18 years and every such male and female attaining that age shall be of the age of majority.However, some contracts of capacity made by infants are not void there are contract for necessaries, contract for scholarships and contract for insurance. In the case of Phing bought a Myvi may be necessaries for her to travel back and forth from the college. According the section 69 of Contract Act (1950) say that the necessaries supplied to a minor â€Å"should be suited to his condition life† it does not mean the food, clothing, shelter and education, but such things which may be necessary to maintain a person according to his condition in life.Below is the cases that related with contract for necessaries, which case 1: Kunwarlal v. Surajmal (1963) It has held that the house given to a minor on rent for living and continuing his studies is deemed to be supply of necessaries suited to the minor’s conditions of life, and the rent for the house can be recovered. For another good summary case is case 2: Chapple v Cooper (1844) where the court ruled that the funeral service of her husband was a necessary service for the young widow in this case, so she was obliged to pay. In the case of case 3: Clowes v.Brook (1739) where, though the plaintiff Farrier's claim for work done on an infant's horse failed on technical pleading grounds, it would appear clearly to have been accepted by the Court that a horse could be a necessary in certain cases. In the case 4: Mohori Bibee v. Dharmodas Ghose (1903) case, the Privy Council did not consider it necessary to decide whether Section 115, Indian Evidence Act was applicable to the present case, because the money lender was not misled by the false statement made by the minor as has was aware of the real age o f the borrower .Under the Section 3(2) of the Sale of Good Act (1979), provides that if goods are sold and delivered to minors  or those mentally incapacitated  the minor will be liable to pay a reasonable price if the goods are necessaries. The case more suitable for showing this section is case 5: Roberts v. Gray (1913), in this case a minor was held liable for his failure to perform a contract for a tour with the plaintiff, a noted billiards player. It was a contract for the instruction of the minor. The contract was wholly executory and but it was held that the contract was binding on him from its formation. In conclusion, in Phing case to purchasedMyvi, Myvi car is her necessaries good for her to travel back and forth from the college and she is able to afford it, so the contract for her to purchased Myvi car is valid. Question 1(iii) Phing is 17 year old, she is a student which studying at a University College at Kelana Jaya. She now has to take a state loan of RM 20,000 f or her studies in the college. 17 year old is not attained the age of majority, for another word Phing is also call as minor. In capacity section 11 define that a person who legally underage; who has not yet attained the age of majority, and which are denied the ability to fully and freely contract.The similar case that related which case 1: Burnard v. Haggis (1863), there a minor hired a mare. It was expressly agreed that the mare will be used only for riding and not â€Å"for jumping and larking. † The mare was made to jump over a fence; she was impaled on it and killed. It was held that the minor was liable for negligently killing the mare as his act was totally independent of the contract made by him. For another similar case, which case 2: Ballett v. Mingay (1943), there a minor hired a microphone and an ampliphier. Instead of returning the same to the owner the minor passed it on to his friend.It was held that the minor’s act of passing it on was altogether outsi de the purview of bailment and, therefore, the minor could be made liable for detinue. In the Phing case, she unable to have the contract to get the scholarship, but Under the Section 69 of Contract Act 1950, it is said that â€Å"if a person, incapable of entering into a contract, or anyone whom he is legally bound to support, is supplied by another person with necessaries suited to his condition in life, the person who has furnished such supplies is entitled to be reimbursed from the property of such incapable person. Under necessaries a minor can enter into valid contract if only it is the basic need of the minor and suitable of his or her station in life or lifestyle. The similar cases that related with, which case 3: Mohori Bibee v. Dharmodas Ghose (1903) case, the minor misrepresented his age while taking loan, but the fact that the person taking the loan is a minor was known to the money lender.The Privy Council did not consider it necessary to decide whether Section 115, In dian Evidence Act was applicable to the present case, because the money lender was not misled by the false statement made by the minor as has was aware of the real age of the borrower. Contract of Scholarship between a minor and the government or non government organization is also under Section 4 (a) Contracts (Amendment) Act 1976 â€Å"the scholar entering into such agreement is not of the age of majority†. Next similar case, which case 4: Government of Malaysia v.Gurcharansingh & ors (1971) say that when the award, bursary, loan or scholarships granted by the federal or state government, a statutory authority, or an educational institution such as a university. Thisis a good example case to show the contract of scholarship, in this case Gurchran is a student who had received a government scholarship to undergo teacher training and was bonded to serve the government. However, Gurcharan left the service before completing his 5 years bond. When the Government sued Gurcharan f or breach of contract, he contended that he had no capacity to contract.The court, never the less, held that education was a necessary. For another good case is case 5: Harnedy v National Greyhound Racing Co. Ltd, where the contract does not appear to have had any connection, whether by way of analogy or otherwise, with contracts for the education or employment of children or contacts for personal services. The distinction between trading contracts and contracts for apprenticeship and education and analogous contracts may often be difficult to draw. Treitel has commented that, an infant haulage contractor is a trader, but probably an infant driver would not be.An infant house painter probably be regarded as a trader, but not an infant portrait painter. In conclusion, Phing have to take loan of scholarship to continue her study, so the scholarship will be the necessaries for Phing, so the contract for her to get scholarship is valid. Question 1(b) Johnny is an old man. He has childre n, Joe and Victoria. Johnny has informed everyone that when he dies, the property is to be shared equally among Joe and Victoria. He stays with Victoria and is totally dependent on her to look after him. Johnny loves Victoria and does whatever she tells him to do.Two months ago, Johnny transferred all his property to Victoria. In this case, Victoria take care of her father is her responsibility, but Johnny should not transfer all property to Victoria although he loves Victoria so much. Johnny should be fair for Joe too. On the other situation, Victoria maybe said something or persuades her father, Johnny to transfer all property to her. If this situation become true, Victoria is against vitiating factors, Section 10 – Contracts must be entered into with free consent of the parties and Section 10(1) – all agreements are contracts if they are made by the free consent of parties competent to contract.Section 14 Consent is free when it is not caused by Section 16(1) undue influence – Undue influence occur where there is a relationship between the parties and one party is in the position to dominate the will of the other. The dominant part uses that position to obtain an unfair advantage over the other. The word â€Å"undue influence† has the tendency to make people feel that it would include situations where one party is about to persuade the other through some kind of influence in a general sense ands. Undue influence can divide into actual undue influence and presumed undue influence.Actual undue influence as the name suggests, requires proof that the contract was entered into as a result of actual influence exerted. The claimant must plead and prove the acts which they assert amounted to undue influence. This may include such acts as threats to end  a relationship, continuing to badger the party where they have refused consent until they eventually give in. For presumed undue influence is no automatic presumption arising as a matte r of law. Here it must be established that there is a relationship of such a kind that one party in fact placed their trust and confidence in the other to safeguard their interest.Any relationship is capable of amounting to this examples include husband and wife, cohabitees, employer and employee. In Section 16(2) – person is in a position to dominate the will of another where he holds a real/apparent authority over the other, or where he stands in a fiduciary relation to the other, he makes a contract with a person whose mental capacity is temporarily or permanently affected by reason of age, illness or mental bodily distress. Next, in Section 16(3) – where a person who is in a position to dominate the will of another, enters into a contract ith him, and the transaction appears, on the face of it or on the evidence adduced, to be unconscionable, the burden of proving that the contract was not induced by undue influence shall lie upon the person in a position to domina te the will of the other as the case 1: Re Craig (1971) C, an old man of 84 years whose wife had died, employed Mrs M as secretary/companion. From the beginning she occupied a position of trust, and in addition to running the house she took a confidential part in running C's affairs.From the time of Mrs M's employment and C's death (January 1959 – August 1964) he gave her gifts worth ? 28,000 from his total assets of ? 40,000. It was held by the Chancery Division that All the gifts complained of where such as to satisfy the requirements to raise the presumption of undue influence, namely, that they could not be accounted for on the ground of the ordinary motives on which ordinary men act, and secondly, that the relationship between C and Mrs M involved such confidence by C in Mrs M as to place her in a position to exercise undue influence over him.Mrs M failed to discharge the onus on her of establishing that the gifts were only made after ‘full, free and informed discu ssion' so as to rebut the presumption of undue influence. The gifts would, therefore, be set aside. Other similar cases, which case 2: Williams v Bailey (1866) – A son forged his father's signature on promissory notes and gave them to their bankers. At a meeting of all the parties at the bank, one of the bankers said to the father: â€Å"If the bills are yours we are all right; if they are not, we have only one course to pursue; we cannot be parties to compounding a felony. The bank's solicitor said it was a serious matter and the father's own solicitor added, â€Å"a case of transportation for life. † After further discussion as to the son's financial liability the bank's solicitor said that they could only look to the father. The father then agreed to make an equitable mortgage to the bank in consideration of the return of the promissory notes. The father succeeded in an action for cancellation of the agreement.It was held by Lord Westbury that the security given fo r the debt of the son by the father under such circumstances was not the security of a man who acted with that freedom and power of deliberation that must be considered as necessary to validate a contract to give security for the debt of another. Besides that, in the Singapore High Court case, which case 3: che Som bte. Yip & Ors. V. Maha Pte. Ltd. & Ors. ( Maha Pte. Ltd. & Anor. , Third Parties) a mortgage deed was set aside in so far as it affected the plaintiff over whom undue influence was exercised.In this case the relationship was that of brothers. This relationship does not per se (That is, on the face of it) give rise to a presumption of undue influence. However, the court found as a fact that undue influence was indeed exercised. In the next similar case, which case: 4 Inche Noriah v. Shaik Allie Bin Omar (1929) case, an old and illiterate Malay woman executed a deed of gift of a landed property in Singapore in favour of her nephew who had been managing her affairs. Before executing the deed the donor had independent advice from a lawyer who acted in good faith.However, he was unaware that the gift constituted practically he whole of her property and did not impress upon her that she could prudently, and equally effectively, have benefited the done by bestowing the property upon him by a will. Held the gift should be set aside as the presumption of undue influence, which is raised by the relationship proved to have been in existence between the parties, was not rebutted. A plea of undue influence can only be raised by a party to the contract and not by a third party, this have been show in the case, which case: 5 Malaysian Freach Bank Bhd. V. Abdullah bin Mohd Yusof & Ors.It was held that in order to establish undue influence, the defendants have to prove that the plaintiff was in a position to dominate their will and thus obtained an unfair advantage by using that position. In this case, there is undue influence involving family members or friends. O ften cases arise that involve family and friends who become parties to a contract. In general, family relationships, such as between husband and wife or parent and child, are confidential relationships. These relationships, like fiduciary relationships, have at their crux a history of â€Å"informal† trust and confidential dealings.In cases that arise where a family member gains a profit or distinct advantage through dealing with a weaker party, the courts have looked to see if the weaker party is very old, mentally incapacitated, suffering from debilitating sickness, or otherwise physically or psychologically impaired. Such physical or psychological impairment combined with a lack of independent advice and a contract giving an obvious advantage to a family member would force the stronger party to prove the contract's fairness. The cases of undue influence, which case:6 Allcard v.Skinner – Miss Allcard was introduced by the Revd Mr Nihill to Miss Skinner, a lady superi or of a religious order named â€Å"Protestant Sisters of the Poor†. She had to observe vows of poverty and obedience. Three days after becoming a member, Miss Allcard made a will bequeathing all property to Miss Skinner, and passed on railway stock that she came into possession of in 1872 and 1874. She then claimed the money back after she left the sisterhood. Held: Lindley LJ, held that she was unduly influenced but barred by laches from getting restitution.And in any case she would only have been able to recover as much of the gift as remained in the defendant’s hands after some of it had been spent in accordance with her wishes. Another next case, which case 7: In Royal Bank of Scotland v Etridge 2001, the House of Lord indicates that, in normal circumstances, a wife’s agreement to charge the matrimonial home as security for her husband’s business debts is not a transaction that calls for explanation. Undue influence connotes impropriety, and should o nly be found where the husband’s influence has been ‘misused ‘.Then, the other case, which case 8: Lloyds Bank Ltd v Bundy  (1974) – Herbert James Bundy was a farmer. His son, Michael, formed a MJB Plant Hire Ltd and it was in financial trouble. Mr Bundy had already guaranteed the business with a ? 7,500 charge over his only asset to Lloyds. This was his farmhouse at Yew Tree Farm,  Broadchalke, and Wiltshire. Michael's company got into more trouble still, and needed more money. Bundy's solicitor said not to put on any more money, but they went up to ? 11,000.The assistant manager of Lloyds, Mr Head explained the company's position to Bundy (i. e. a conflict of interest) but neglected to say the company was in serious trouble. Bundy signed the guarantee and charge form. Lloyds foreclosed on the house when the money was not paid, and Bundy had a heart attack in the witness box. The question was whether the contract leading to the repossession of the hous e was voidable for some iniquitous pressure. The held is that the contract was voidable due to the unequal bargaining position in which Mr Bundy had found himself.He held that undue influence was a category of a wider class where the balance of power between the parties was such as to merit the interference of the court. It was apparent that Mr Bundy had, without independent advice entered the contract and it was very unfair and pressures were brought to bear by the bank. Another similar case, which case 9: National Westminster Bank v. Morgan (1985) Mrs Morgan jointly owned the family home with her husband. As a result of his business problems, their mortgage payments fell into arrears, and the bank started to seek possession.Mr Morgan approached the bank to arrange a refinancing loan (this work as follows: if Mr Morgan’s original mortgage was for ? 50,000, and he owed arrears of ? 5,000, he could replace the mortgage with a refinancing loan of ? 55,000, and start afresh). Mr s Morgan’s signature was required to use the house as security for the extended loans. The bank manager went to see her, in the presence of Mr Morgan; she made it clear that she had little confidence in her husband’s business and wanted to talk to the manager alone, but this did not happen, and she eventually signed to prevent the house being repossessed.The loan was not repaid, and Mr Morgan later died. When the bank tried to take possession of the house, Mrs Morgan pleaded undue influence. Next, the case which case:10 CIBC Mortgages v Pitt  (1994) Mr Pitt wished to purchase some shares on the stock market. He pressured his wife into signing a mortgage of ? 150,000 securing the family home. The stated purpose of the loan was to purchase a holiday home and pay off the existing mortgage. The husband used the money to purchase shares and then used those shares as collateral to purchase further shares.For a time the shares did very well and he was a millionaire on paper . The wife saw no benefit from these shares as any income was always used to purchase more shares. In 1987 the stock market crashed. The bank sought to enforce the security under the mortgage which at the time exceeded the value of the home. The wife raised actual undue influence in defence. The judged is the Overruling BBCI v Aboody – it is not necessary for a claimant to demonstrate manifest disadvantage where a defence is based on actual undue influence.However, as the transaction on its face did not seem to the manifest disadvantage of the wife, because the stated purpose was to purchase a holiday home, the bank was not put on enquiry and therefore could not be fixed with constructive notice. In the case:11 Bank of Credit and Commerce International v Aboody  (1990) A husband exerted actual undue influence over his wife in order to get her to sign a charge securing the family home on the debts owed by the company in which the husband and wife owned shares. The couples we re unable to repay the mortgage and the bank sought to repossess the home.The wife sought to have the mortgage set aside on the grounds that it was procured by actual undue influence of the husband. Held the husband had exerted actual undue influence on the wife. However, the transaction was not to the manifest disadvantage of the wife since she owned shares in the company. In considering whether a transaction was to the manifest disadvantage the court was to have regard to any benefits received in addition to the risks undertaken. Therefore the banks were granted possession. Furthermore, in case:12 Credit Lyonnais Bank Nederland NV v Burch  (1997) Miss Burch started working for her employer at the age of 18.She became close to the director, Mr Pelosi, who was an Italian business man 10 years older and trusted him implicitly. She often visited his home to do babysitting and went on holiday with the family to Italy. At the age of 21 she purchased a flat. 5 years later, she was stil l working for him but the company was experiencing financial difficulty. Mr Pelosi asked her to put her flat up as security for a loan taken out by the company. He told her that his home and villa in Italy were also secured on the debt but they would not accept 100% mortgage on these properties and needed another ? 0,000. She agreed to allow her home to be used as security believing that it was only ? 20,000 and that Mr Pelosi's properties would first be sold which would release the debt so that there was no risk to her. The bank had written to her and informed her that the charge was unlimited in amount and time and advised her to seek independent advice. She at no time was told of the extent of the company's borrowings which stood at ? 270,000 neither did the bank satisfy themselves that she had in fact received independent advice.In the case: 13 UCB v Williams  (2002) The Williams family (Mr & Mrs Jack Williams and their three grown up children) ran a garage business as a partn ership with the benefit of a franchise from Toyota. Toyota threatened to withdraw the franchise unless the showrooms were extended and improved. The cost for this was ? 500,000. The Williams approached the bank for a loan which asked for security by way of a charge on the three showrooms in addition to a charge on each of the partner’s home. The defendant, Mrs Williams, was the wife of one of the sons.She had signed the charge without having been told the full extent of the liability. The signature was executed in the presence of all the other partners and witnessed by Mr. Howells, the solicitor of the partnership. The charge secured all debts present and future of the partnership and provided for joint and several liabilities of all the partners. The business was unable to repay the loan and became bankrupt. UCB sought to enforce the charge and Mrs Williams raised undue influence and misrepresentation in her defence. The trial judge, HHJ Hickinbottom, held that undue influen ce and misrepresentation were established.However, he held that Mrs Williams would have signed the charge in any event had she known the full facts and also that UCB were not fixed with constructive notice as a solicitor had witnessed the signature therefore they could assume Mrs Williams had been advised accordingly. Mrs Williams appealed to the Court of Appeal. Held Mrs Williams was successful on both grounds. In conclusion, Joe still can voidable the contract about the Johnny transferred all his property to Victoria. If the contract is void, property Johnny will use back the contract in early to share equally among for Joe and Victoria.